Abstract

The Rcs phosphorelay signaling cascade regulates the expression of genes related to capsule synthesis, biofilm formation, virulence, and cell division in Enterobacteria and is critical for cell membrane integrity and response to beta-lactam antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides. RcsF is the sole known sensor, but other proteins have been reported to activate this pathway in the absence of RcsF. We have discovered a novel RcsF-independent Rcs activator and found that each of three RcsF-independent proteins activate the system differently. Most significantly, we find that the histidine kinase RcsC can be involved in signal sensing independently of RcsF. Our study sheds light into the complex mechanisms of Rcs activation and adds to our knowledge of non-orthodox signaling systems across organisms.

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