Raynaud's phenomenon.

Abstract

Raynaud's phenomenon is a common vasospastic condition which carries a significant burden of pain and hand-related disability (Hughes and Herrick, 2016). The prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon in the general population has been reported to be approximately 5% (Garner et al, 2015). Raynaud's phenomenon can occur either as a primary ('idiopathic') phenomenon or secondary to a wide range of underlying medical conditions and drug causes. Therefore, hospital-based specialists are frequently involved in the care of patients with Raynaud's phenomenon and need to be aware of associated conditions and prescribed medications for Raynaud's phenomenon. In particular, Raynaud's phenomenon is often the earliest manifestation of an underlying autoimmune connective tissue disease (e.g. systemic sclerosis). A comprehensive clinical assessment is required including performing targeted investigations (e.g. nailfold capillaroscopy and systemic sclerosis-associated autoantibodies). Patient education and lifestyle adaptations is first-line treatment for Raynaud's phenomenon. There is a wide range of pharmacological options including oral and intravenous drug therapies available to treat Raynaud's phenomenon. Surgical intervention is sometimes required for refractory Raynaud's phenomenon and tissue ischaemia. This review describes the clinical manifestations of Raynaud's phenomenon including potential secondary causes and presents an approach to assessment and management.