Raynaud’s Phenomenon and Endothelial Dysfunction in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Treated with Hemodialysis

Abstract

Background/Aims: Steal syndrome is a well-known complication of arteriovenous shunt placement. Increased frequency of Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) especially concerning shunt limb is reported among hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of the study was to assess the relation of impairment of peripheral circulation diagnosed with cold stress test (CST) and thermography to the AV shunt location and markers of endothelial dysfunction in HD patients. Methods: The study group comprised 21 patients (6 male, 15 female, mean age 32.6 ± 15.0 years) treated with HD for a mean of 69 ± 54 months. 10 healthy individuals (4 male, 6 female, mean age 38.6 ± 14.7 years) served as controls. The diagnosis of RP was made upon the results of thermographic measurements during CST. Von Willebrand factor activity and antigen, endothelin-1 and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) were measured in all subjects. Results: RP was found significantly more often in HD patients than in controls: 11/21 vs. 1/10 (p = 0.04). RP occurred in both hands in 7/11 (64%) patients. tHcy was higher in HD patients than in the controls (31.7 ± 13.9 vs. 10.9 ± 3.2 µg/l, p < 0.0001). tHcy and von Willebrand factor antigen were significantly higher in the RP-positive than RP-negative patients or controls. Conclusion: Small vessel dysfunction diagnosed as positive RP is a frequent finding in HD patients. It seems that endothelial injury rather than AV shunt steal syndrome is responsible for development of RP in HD patients.