Abstract
Ray theory with beam displacement is used to calculate the sound field in shallow water as a function of range. Results for the Pekeris model are compared with normal mode calculations and agreement is good even when the water depth is only a few wavelengths. The inclusion of beam displacement leads to the formation of ray caustics. Caustics are important at all ranges and occur even in isovelocity layers. Eventual failure of the ray method at short ranges and very low frequencies is traced to difficulties with the approximate evaluation of integrals by the method of stationary phase.
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