Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is effective for controlling soil-borne pathogenic fungi and producing secondary metabolites. When applied in the field, the raw secondary metabolites are quickly decreased directly by sunlight. One strategy to avoid degradation is the use of tapioca fluor liquid formula for biological control agents. This research aimed to obtain the most effective concentration of tapioca flour in development of raw secondary metabolites of Trichoderma harzianum T10, its effect on damping-off and growth of cucumber. This research was carried out at the screen house and the Plant Protection Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University from September 2017 up to January 2018. The study was conducted in two stages, i.e., in vitro and in planta. The in vitro stage used completely randomized design with five repetitions and five treatments consisted of T. harzianum T10 in Potato Dextrose Broth, and in 0.5; 1; 1.5; and 2% of tapioca flour media. In in planta, randomized block design was used with five repetitions and six treatments consisted of control, T. harzianum T10 in PDB, and in 0.5; 1; 1.5, and 2% of tapioca flour media. Variables observed were density of conidia, disease incubation period, disease incidence, AUDPC, maximum growth potential, germination ability, plant height, canopy fresh weight, root length, and fresh root weight. Result of the research showed that the highest conidial density (1.23 x 107 conidia mL-1) of T. harzianum T10 was found in 2% tapioca flour with an increase of 63.28% compared to the PDB. The tapioca flour of 1 and 2%, and PDB could suppress the disease incidence by 81.82%. The lowest AUDPC was at 2% tapioca flour. The raw secondary metabolites could not delay the incubation period significantly and increase cucumber plant growth. The novelty is the use of antagonistic fungi in terms of raw secondary metabolites and the discovery of tapioca flour with the right concentration to produce high conidia density and high raw secondary metabolites. The benefits are to find other cheaper ingredients in promoting antagonistic fungal growth and the use of antagonistic fungal bioactive compounds to control plant pathogen
Highlights
Trichoderma sp. is considered as potential antagonistic fungus that is often used for biological control (Munir et al, 2013; Ghazanfar et al, 2018)
potato dextrose broth (PDB) and tapioca flour concentration of 1.5 and 2% were able to reduce the incidence of disease by 81.82%
The most effective tapioca flour concentration for T. harzianum growth was 2%, indicated by the highest conidial density (1.23 × 107 conidia mL-1) with an increase of 63.28% compared to PDB
Summary
Trichoderma sp. is considered as potential antagonistic fungus that is often used for biological control (Munir et al, 2013; Ghazanfar et al, 2018). Works against fungal phytopathogens either indirectly by competing for nutrients and space, modifying environmental conditions, promoting plant growth and plant defensive and antibiosis mechanisms; or directly through mechanisms such as mycoparasitism. One spesies of Trichoderma spp. is T. harzianum Rifai (Chaverri et al, 2015). T. harzianum has been isolated from various plant rhizospheres and tested for its effect on several diseases. T. harzianum T10 isolated from ginger rhizosphere against Fusarium wilt (Soesanto et al, 2013) and Phytophthora wilt (Soesanto et al, 2019). Has the ability as a mycoparasite (Bouziane et al, 2016) and antibiotics (Vinale et al, 2014), as well as producing extracellular compounds that can be toxic to pathogens (Al-Taweil et al, 2009) and enzymes that can degrade pathogen cell walls (Bae et al, 2017) Trichodema sp. has the ability as a mycoparasite (Bouziane et al, 2016) and antibiotics (Vinale et al, 2014), as well as producing extracellular compounds that can be toxic to pathogens (Al-Taweil et al, 2009) and enzymes that can degrade pathogen cell walls (Bae et al, 2017)
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