Abstract
Prior fighting experience of opponents can influence the outcome of conflicts. After a victory, animals are more likely to win subsequent contests, whereas after a defeat animals are more likely to lose, regardless of the identity of opponents. The underlying mechanisms and the adaptive significance of these winner and loser effects are as yet unknown. Here, we tested experimentally whether agonistic behavior of male wild-type Norway rats is influenced by social experience, and we investigated whether this might reduce fighting costs (duration of contest, risk of injury) in subsequent encounters. Rats were randomly assigned to receive either a losing or a winning experience and subse
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