Abstract
Tear glucose is an intriguing biofluid that includes potential biomarkers. While many sensors have emerged nowadays, there is still demand for advanced sensors with nonenzymatic, simple, cost-effective sensing mechanism. Herein, we present a paper-based colorimetric assay by utilizing a gold nanoparticle formation. Experimental characterization substantiated a mechanism in this in situ reduction. Scanning electron microscopy, UV-visible spectrometry, etc. were involved in the scrutiny. As a result, we reached for the rationale whereas the particle formation can be utilized for a glucose sensing using tears. This paper-based detection was insusceptible to physiological tear matrix, i.e., chloride ion effect, false-positive error and synergistic effect by antioxidants. In addition, we evaluated its analytical performance in an artificial tear assay. Of the obtained a linear regressions, the concentration range corresponded to the physiological or pathologic reference range. In addition, within the low-concentration range, a high correlation was resulted 0.965. Furthermore, we investigated statistical validation by employing the Bland–Altman plot. In the end sections of this paper, we denoted its ready-to-use merits by simplicity—as well as the further application of our plasmonic paper.
Highlights
New types of sensors have emerged, each time along with additional biomedical demands and evolving sensor materials, from Clark electrodes [1] to noble-metal nanomaterials.Paper-based nanocomposite is the latest functional material of unique merits, in brief, low cost, porosity, and disposability are the inherent advantages that this raw material provides [2,3].Beyond these, more potentials have appeared in diverse applications such as antibacterial sheet [4], energy-harvesting platform [5] and highly efficient catalyst [6]
For the chloride ion effect test, 10-mM of glucose-spiked samples were used for obvious color exhibition, so that we could validate the availability of ionic matrices in tears
Metal nanoparticles capped by organic generally exhibit the coffee ring phenomenon by Marangoni flow [37]
Summary
New types of sensors have emerged, each time along with additional biomedical demands and evolving sensor materials, from Clark electrodes [1] to noble-metal nanomaterials. Though there is a similar approach to doing this, the reported works either quantified a total reducing power of a sample like tea and juice (dissolving a variety of antioxidants [20,21]) or using an enzyme to specify an analyte (i.e., glucose oxidase [22]). To rationalize this sensing mechanism, we considered the importance of analyte targeting. Our plasmonic colorimetric sensor was validated in a statistical method
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