Rational Regulation of Reaction Specificity of Nitrilase for Efficient Biosynthesis of 2-Chloronicotinic Acid through a Single Site Mutation.

Abstract

Nitrilase-catalyzed hydrolysis of 2-chloronicotinonitrile (2-CN) is a promising approach for the efficient synthesis of 2-chloronicotinic acid (2-CA). The development of nitrilase with ideal catalytic properties is crucial for the biosynthetic route with industrial potential. Herein, a nitrilase from Rhodococcus zopfii (RzNIT), which showed much higher hydration activity than hydrolysis activity, was designed for efficient hydrolysis of 2-CN. Two residues (N165 and W167) significantly affecting the reaction specificity were precisely identified. By tuning these two residues, a single mutation of W167G with abolished hydration activity and 20-fold improved hydrolysis activity was obtained. Molecular dynamics simulation and molecular docking revealed that the mutation generated a larger binding pocket, causing the substrate 2-CN to bind more deeply in the pocket and form a delocalized π bond between the residues W190 and Y196, which reduced the negative influence of steric hindrance and electron effect caused by chlorine substituent. With mutant W167G as biocatalyst, 100 mM 2-CN was exclusively converted into 2-CA within 16 h. The study provides useful guidance in nitrilase engineering for simultaneous improvement of reaction specificity and catalytic activity, which are highly desirable in value-added carboxylic acids production from nitriles hydrolysis. IMPORTANCE 2-CA is an important building block for agrochemicals and pharmaceuticals with a rapid increase in demand in recent years. It is currently manufactured from 3-cyanopyridine by chemical methods. However, during the final step of 2-CN hydrolysis under high temperature and strong alkaline conditions, the byproduct 2-CM was generated except for the target product, leading to low yield and tedious separation steps. Nitrilase-mediated hydrolysis is regarded as a promising alternative for 2-CA production, which proceeded under mild conditions. Nevertheless, nitrilase capable of efficient hydrolysis of 2-CN has not been reported because the enzymes showed either extremely low activity or surprisingly high hydration activity toward 2-CN. Herein, the reaction specificity of RzNIT was precisely tuned through a single site mutation. The mutant exhibited remarkably enhanced hydrolysis activity without the formation of byproducts, providing a robust biocatalyst for 2-CA biosynthesis with industrial potential.