Rational Design of Aziridine‐Containing Cysteine Protease Inhibitors with Improved Potency: Studies on Inhibition Mechanism

Abstract

To enable a rational design of improved cysteine protease inhibitors, the present work investigates trends in the inhibition potency of aziridine derivatives with a substituted nitrogen center. To predict the influence of electron-withdrawing substituents, quantum chemical computations of the ring opening of N-formylated, N-methylated, and N-unsubstituted aziridines with thiolate were performed. They revealed that the N-formyl group leads to a strong decrease of the reaction barrier and a considerable increase in exothermicity due to stabilization of the transition state. In contrast, a nucleophilic attack at the carbonyl carbon atom is characterized by very low reaction barriers, suggesting a reversible reaction, thus providing the theoretical background for the reversible inhibition of cysteine proteases by peptidyl aldehydes. Reactions of aziridine building blocks (diethyl aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate 1, diethyl 1-formyl aziridine-2,3-dicarboxylate 2) with a model thiolate in aqueous solution which were followed by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, showed the N-formylated compound 2 to readily undergo a ring-opening reaction. In contrast, the reaction of 1 with the thiolate is much slower. Enzyme assays with the cysteine protease cathepsin L showed 2 to be a 5000-fold better enzyme inhibitor than 1. Dialysis assays clearly proved irreversible inhibition. These experiments, together with the results obtained with the model thiolate, indicate that the main inhibition mechanism of the N-formylated aziridine 2 is the ring-opening reaction rather than the reversible attack of the active site cysteine residue at the carbonyl carbon atom.