Abstract
Recent progresses in proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrocatalysts are reviewed in this article in terms of cathodic and anodic reactions with a focus on rational design. These designs are based around gaining active sites using model surface studies and include high-index faceted Pt and Pt-alloy nanocrystals for anodic electrooxidation reactions as well as Pt-based alloy/core–shell structures and carbon-based non-precious metal catalysts for cathodic oxygen reduction reactions (ORR). High-index nanocrystals, alloy nanoparticles, and support effects are highlighted for anodic catalysts, and current developments in ORR electrocatalysts with novel structures and different compositions are emphasized for cathodic catalysts. Active site structures, catalytic performances, and stability in fuel cells are also reviewed for carbon-based non-precious metal catalysts. In addition, further developmental perspectives and the current status of advanced fuel cell electrocatalysts are provided.Graphical
Highlights
Low-temperature fuel cells, as an emission-free power source, possess great potential in clean electric automotive applications to solve serious environmental and energy challenges
Pt is the mainstay element of fuel cell technologies, and many investigations, both fundamental and practical, have been conducted to prepare efficient electrocatalysts for fuel cell reactions, including anode hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR), methanol oxidation reactions (MOR), ethanol oxidation reactions (EOR), and cathode oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) [1, 2]
With a power density of Considering that 5 g of Pt-group metal (PGM) catalysts per vehicle is used in the exhaust gas converter for cleaning duty, a stretch target of is proposed by General Motors at which proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) vehicles can truly become competitive with traditional internal combustion engine vehicles [4]
Summary
Low-temperature fuel cells, as an emission-free power source, possess great potential in clean electric automotive applications to solve serious environmental and energy challenges. Tetrahexahedral Pt nanocrystals (THH Pt NCs) with high-index facets (HIF) possess a catalytic activity 2.5–4.6 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C catalysts for ethanol oxidation [7]. In another example, Pt3Ni(111) skins, stimulated by atomic arrangement effects and electronic structure effects, exhibit the highest ORR activity among P t3Ni(111), Pt3Ni(100), and Pt3Ni(110), and is 90-folds more active than current stateof-the-art Pt/C catalysts [8]. This review aims to highlight current developments of high-performance Pt-based fuel cell electrocatalysts, including anode electrocatalysts for the oxidation of small organic molecules, and cathode electrocatalysts for ORR. This review will conclude with discussions on the challenges of PEMFCs, including activity decay and mass transportation
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