Abstract
Temperature is an essential factor that counts for living systems where complicated vital activities are usually temperature dependent. In vivo temperature mapping based on non-contact optical approach will be beneficial for revealing the physiological phenomena behind with minimized influence to the organism. Herein, a highly thermal-sensitive upconversion system based on triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) mechanism is pioneered to indicate body temperature variation sensitively over the physiological temperature range. The temperature-insensitive NaYF4: Nd nanophosphors with NIR emission was incorporated into the temperature-responsive TTA-upconversion system to serve as an internal calibration unit. Consequently, a ratiometric thermometer capable of accurately monitoring the temperature changes in vivo was developed with high thermal sensitivity (~7.1% K−1) and resolution (~0.1 K).
Highlights
Temperature is an essential factor that counts for living systems where complicated vital activities are usually temperature dependent
Some thermometers were developed based on the lanthanidedoped upconversion nanophosphors (UCNPs)
The potential use of triplet annihilation (TTA)-Nd-NPs for ratiometric thermometry in vivo was demonstrated by the accurate measurement of temperature distributions in tissue, and the detection of temperature changes in mice caused by inflammation
Summary
Temperature is an essential factor that counts for living systems where complicated vital activities are usually temperature dependent. 1234567890():,; The luminescent nanothermometry has received much attention in recent years because it has a broad range of applications involving nanomedicine, microfluidics, nanoelectronics, and integrated photonic devices[1,2,3] The development of such highly sensitive nanotermometer is very important in view of its great potential to revolutionize relevant areas, especially in the part of diagnosis and therapy[4]. Upconversion based on the anti-Stokes process that can avoid auto-fluorescence of biological system, is a promising technique for the development of thermometer in vivo[11,12,13]. The example of thermometer in vivo based on the TTAupconversion technique has not been reported, which is hampered by significant challenges such as irregular temperature response or low thermal sensitivity in the physiological circumstance, and serious concentration dependence. The work makes great sense for a broad research areas of upconversion, thermometry, nanomedicine, and life science
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