Rathke’s cleft cyst classification and outcomes after endoscopic endonasal approach

Abstract

BackgroundRathke’s cleft cyst is rare, with variable characteristics and no unified categorization system. This study aimed to evaluate long-term outcomes, based on different categorizations, of symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cysts treated with endoscopic endonasal approach. MethodsThis retrospective study of 38 patients with symptomatic Rathke’s cleft cyst treated with endoscopic endonasal approach from 2006/06–2021/08 recorded pre- and post-operative clinical presentation, endocrine and visual tests, radiological findings, and resection status. Rathke’s cleft cysts were categorized by both cyst consistency and radiological features and clinical characteristics were analyzed. ResultsThe most common pre-operative symptoms were visual field deficit (65.8%) and hypopituitarism (39.5 %). Visual field deficit improved in 84% of affected patients, and hyperprolactinemia improved in 80% of affected patients. Pre-operative hypothyroidism and hypogonadism were associated with radiological type 3 cysts, while headache was more common in type B and C. Type 3 cysts were also associated post-operative hypogonadism and hypothyroidism. Permanent Diabetes insipidus was found in 3 patients (7.9%). Cyst height was a significant factor related to pre-operative visual field deficit and post-operative Diabetes insipidus. Residual cysts were found in 11 cases (30.6%) and 9 patients experienced regrowth/recurrence. Residual cysts were a significant factor in regrowth/recurrence. Recurrence rate and post-operative complications were not correlated with different subtypes. ConclusionsEndoscopic endonasal approach for removal of Rathke’s cleft cyst is a safe and effective intervention. It leads to significant improvement in visual field deficit and recovery of hyperprolactinemia. Although the incidence of post-operative Diabetes insipidus is high, it is usually temporary. Although different categorizations are not correlated to recurrence rate, they could help predict the status of hormone deficit.