Rate of progression of valvular aortic stenosis in adults

Abstract

Until recently the hemodynamic severity of valvular aortic stenosis (AS) was evaluated only by cardiac catheterizatlon. Now, Doppler echocardiography allows a noninvasive and accurate assessment of AS severity and can be used to study its progression with time. The progression of AS was assessed during a follow-up period of 6 to 45 months (mean 18) by serial Doppler examinations in 45 adult patients (21 men and 24 women, mean age 72 ± 10 years) with isolated AS. The following parameters were serially measured: left ventricular outflow tract diameter and velocity by pulsed Doppler, peak velocity of aortic flow by continuous-wave Doppler, to calculate peak gradient by the modified Bernoulli equation, and aortic valvular area by the continuity equation. At the initial observation, 13 of 45 patients (29%) were symptomatic (1 angina, 1 syncope and 11 dyspnea); during follow-up, 25 (55%) developed new symptoms or worsening of the previous ones (5 angina, 3 syncope and 17 dyspnea); 11 underwent aortic valve replacement and 3 died from cardiac events. Baseline peak velocity and gradient ranged between 2.5 and 6.6 m/s, and 25 and 174 mm Hg, respectively; aortic area ranged between 0.35 and 1.6 cm 2. With time, mean peak velocity and gradient increased significantly from 4 ± 0.7 to 4.7 ± 0.8 m/s (p < 0.01), and 64 ± 30 to 88 ± 30 mm Hg (p < 0.01), respectively. A concomitant reduction in mean aortic area occurred (0.75 ±0.3 to 0.6 ± 0.15 cm 2; p < 0.01). The rate of progression of AS (−0.72 to + 0.14 cm 2/year, mean −0.1 ± 0.13) was variable among patients and did not relate to age, sex, follow-up duration or symptoms. Patients with a reduction in left ventricular systolic function had a faster progression than did those with normal systolic function. In conclusion, a significant progression of AS may occur and a mild or moderate stenosis can become critical after a few years. Doppler echocardiography appears to be the ideal method for follow-up and can add new insights to the natural history of the disease.