Rate controlling processes for crack growth in hydrogen sulfide for an alsl 4340 steel

Abstract

Parallel fracture mechanics and surface chemistry studies were carried out to develop further understanding of environment assisted subcritical crack growth in high strength steels. The kinetics of crack growth for an AISI 4340 steel (tempered at 477 K) in high purity hydrogen sulfide have been determined as a function of pressure at room temperature and as a function of temperature at hydrogen sulfide pressures of 0.133 and 2.66 kPa. The kinetics for the reactions of hydrogen sulfide with this steel and the extent of reactions were also determined. Two rate controlling processes have been identified. At the lower pressure, the rate of crack growth varies according to T1/2 and is controlled by the rate of transport of hydrogen sulfide to the crack tip. At the higher pressure, crack growth is controlled by the rate of diffusion of hydrogen into the steel ahead of the crack tip and exhibits an apparent activation energy of about 5 kJ/mol. Embrittlement results from hydrogen that is produced by the reactions of hydrogen sulfide with the steel. These reactions are extremely rapid and are limited in extent, leading to the formation of one to two layers of “sulfide” on the fracture surfaces. The crack growth results are discussed in terms of measured reaction kinetics and published data on diffusion, and in relation to models for transport- and diffusion-controlled crack growth.