Rate and severity of suspected SARS-Cov-2 reinfection in a cohort of PCR-positive COVID-19 patients

Abstract

ObjectivesTo estimate the burden and severity of suspected reinfection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). MethodsA retrospective cohort of members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California with PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infection between 1st March 2020 and 31st October 2020 was followed through electronic health records for subsequent positive SARS-CoV-2 tests (suspected reinfection) ≥90 days after initial infection, through 31st January 2021. Incidence of suspected reinfection was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models estimated the association of suspected reinfection with demographic and clinical characteristics, hospitalization, and date of initial infection. ResultsThe cohort of 75 149 was predominantly Hispanic (49 648/75 149, 66.1%) and included slightly more females than males (39 736, 52.9%), with few immunocompromised patients (953, 1.3%); 315 suspected reinfections were identified, with a cumulative incidence at 270 days of 0.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7–1.0%). Hospitalization was more common at suspected reinfection (36/315, 11.4%) than initial infection (4094/75 149, 5.4%). Suspected reinfection rates were higher in females (1.0%, CI 0.8–1.2% versus 0.7%, CI 0.5–0.9%, p 0.002) and immunocompromised patients (2.1%, CI 1.0–4.2% versus 0.8%, CI 0.7–1.0%, p 0.004), and lower in children than adults (0.2%, CI 0.1–0.4% versus 0.9%, CI 0.7–1.0%, p 0.023). Patients hospitalized at initial infection were more likely to have suspected reinfection (1.2%, CI 0.6–1.7% versus 0.8%, CI 0.7–1.0%, p 0.030), as were those with initial infections later in 2020 (150-day incidence 0.4%, CI 0.2–0.5% September–October versus 0.2%, CI 0.1–0.3% March–May and 0.3%, CI 0.2–0.3% June–August, p 0.008). In an adjusted Cox proportional hazards model, being female (hazard ratio (HR) 1.44, CI 1.14–1.81), adult (age 18–39, HR 2.71, CI 1.38–5.31, age 40–59 HR 2.22, CI 1.12–4.41, age ≥60 HR 2.52, CI 1.23–5.17 versus <18 years), immunocompromised (HR 2.48, CI 1.31–4.68), hospitalized (HR 1.60, CI 1.07–2.38), and initially infected later in 2020 (HR 2.26, CI 1.38–3.71 September–October versus March–May) were significant independent predictors of suspected reinfection. ConclusionsReinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is uncommon, with suspected reinfections more likely in women, adults, immunocompromised subjects, and those previously hospitalized for coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19). This suggests a need for continued precautions and vaccination in patients with COVID-19 to prevent reinfection.