Abstract

Raspberry ketone (RK; [4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone]) is a popular nutraceutical used for weight management and appetite control. We sought to determine the physiological benefits of RK on the meal patterns and cardiovascular changes associated with an obesogenic diet. In addition, we explored whether the physiological benefits of RK promoted anxiety-related behaviors. Male and female C57BL/6J mice were administered a daily oral gavage of RK 200 mg/kg, RK 400 mg/kg, or vehicle for 14 days. Commencing with dosing, mice were placed on a high-fat diet (45% fat) or low-fat diet (10% fat). Our results indicated that RK 200 mg/kg had a differential influence on meal patterns in males and females. In contrast, RK 400 mg/kg reduced body weight gain, open-field total distance travelled, hemodynamic measures (i.e., reduced systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP and mean BP), and increased nocturnal satiety ratios in males and females. In addition, RK 400 mg/kg increased neural activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract, compared with vehicle. RK actions were not influenced by diet, nor resulted in an anxiety-like phenotype. Our findings suggest that RK has dose-differential feeding and cardiovascular actions, which needs consideration as it is used as a nutraceutical for weight control for obesity.

Highlights

  • Raspberry ketone (RK; 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound responsible for the aroma and flavor of raspberries (Rubus idaeus) [1,2]

  • RK is marketed in the United States and other countries as a nutraceutical for appetite control and weight loss [18,27,37]

  • This study sought to investigate the dose-dependent effects of RK on the meal patterns and hemodynamic alterations associated with an obesogenic diet

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Summary

Introduction

Raspberry ketone (RK; 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone) is a naturally occurring phenolic compound responsible for the aroma and flavor of raspberries (Rubus idaeus) [1,2]. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a synthetic flavoring substance [5]. RK has been shown to reduce lipid accumulation and alter expression of lipolytic and adipogenic genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes [10,11,12,13,14]. It can increase fat oxidation in vitro and the effect may be mediated by heme oxygenase-1 and brown-like adipocyte formation [13,14]. Adulteration of diet with RK has shown to prevent weight gain [16,17], the strong sensory profile of RK could

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