Rasch analysis can change how we think about and measure Focusing attitudes: adaptation and evaluation of a German Focusing Manner Scale

Abstract

ABSTRACT Person-centered psychotherapists can improve therapeutic attunement by using well-designed theories and self-report questionnaires. However, previous evaluations of the Focusing Manner Scale (FMS) did not consider item-level information as a means to improve Focusing attitude measurement. Thus, we adapted a German FMS-A.G and applied Rasch analysis to evaluate it with German undergraduates (N = 687). An exploratory factor analysis replicated the original Japanese version’s (FMS-A.J) low signal-to-noise ratio and three-factorial structure (Acting, Attending, Distancing; α = .76, .75, .62). Rasch analysis indicated each scale’s item distribution reduced reliability and construct validity: neither item wordings nor previous construct definitions targeted higher Focusing attitude levels. Moreover, we could not replicate concurrent validity with the General Health Questionnaire. Yet, Acting and Attending converged with the Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness, especially with Body-Listening (r = .45, .52). Our evidence suggests that Acting and Attending can be used for research purposes, but Distancing should be improved. Rasch analysis provides practically useful results that can improve how we understand and assess Focusing attitudes.