Rare-Earth Half-Sandwich Dialkyl and Homoleptic Trialkyl Complexes for Rapid and Stereoselective Polymerization of a Conjugated Polar Olefin

Abstract

Under ambient conditions, discrete half-sandwich rare-earth (RE) dialkyls, [η5-(1,3-(SiMe3)2C9H5)]]RE(CH2SiMe3)2(THF) (RE = Sc, Y, Dy, Lu), catalyze rapid and stereoselective coordination polymerization of β-methyl-α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (βMMBL), a conjugated polar olefin and a member of the naturally occurring or biomass-derived methylene butyrolactone family. Within the present RE series, the complex of the largest ion (Dy3+) exhibits the highest activity, achieving a high turnover frequency of 390 min–1, and also produces the highly isotactic polymer PβMMBL (mm = 91.0%). This stereoregular polymer is thermally robust, with a high glass-transition temperature of 280 °C, and is resistant to all common organic solvents. Other half-sandwich RE catalysts of the series are also highly active and produce polymers with a similarly high isotacticity. Intriguingly, even simple homoleptic hydrocarbyl RE complexes, RE(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2 (RE = Sc, Y, Dy, Lu), also afford highly isotactic polymer PβMMBL, despite their much lower polymerization activity, except for the Lu complex, which maintains its high activity for both types of complexes. Computational studies of both half-sandwich and simple hydrocarbyl yttrium complexes have revealed a stereocontrol mechanism that well explains the observed high stereoselectivity of βMMBL polymerization by both types of catalysts. Specifically, the experimental stereoselectivity can be well rationalized with a monometallic propagation mechanism through predominantly chain-end stereocontrol in the coordination–addition polymerization. In this mechanism, formation of an isotactic polymer chiefly originates from interactions between the methyl groups on the chiral β-C atom of the five-membered ring of both the coordinated monomer and the last inserted βMMBL unit of the chain, and the auxiliary ligand on the metal makes a negligible contribution to the stereocontrol of the polymerization.