Abstract
Infections of the orbit and periorbita are relatively frequent. Identifying unusual organisms is crucial because they can cause severe local and systemic morbidity, despite their rarity. Opportunistic infections of the orbit should be considered mainly in debilitated or immunocompromised patients. The key to successful management includes a high index of suspicion, prompt diagnosis, and addressing the underlying systemic disease. This review summarizes unusual infectious processes of the orbit, including mycobacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections, as well as their pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, and treatment.
Highlights
Mycobacterium tuberculosis usually causes pulmonary disease, but adnexal involvement can rarely occur, usually by lymphatic or haematogenous spread, or by direct extension from the paranasal sinuses
Disease patterns in the orbit are generally divided into periostitis, soft tissue tuberculoma, orbital spread from the paranasal sinuses, or TB dacryoadenitis
Where extrapulmonary TB is strongly suspected, patients should be investigated with a chest X-ray and triple anti-tuberculous therapy (ATT) commenced
Summary
Quick Response Code: Website: www.jovr.org reported ocular discomfort on eye movement, and none had intraocular disease. Such non-specific features often lead to diagnostic delays, and the clinician should be lead by clinical suspicion, and not a positive culture result. Atypical mycobacteria and Mycobacterium hominis infections of the orbit can occur, but are rare.[2,3,4,5,6] These organisms can involve any periorbital or orbital tissue (including the periosteum and bony walls), can extend into the adjacent sinuses or. Rare Orbital Infections; Hamed-Azzam et al intracranial cavity,[3,7] and can occur in the absence of pulmonary disease.[4,8] Clinical features include a “cold” orbital abscess, a discharging cutaneous sinus, or, rarely, optic neuropathy complicating sphenoidal osteomyelitis.[9]
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