Abstract
MEASUREMENT AND MONITORING of hemodynamic variables are essential for evaluating cardiac function and vascular resistances during cardiac anesthesia. Since the balloon-floating pulmonary artery (PA) catheter was introduced in 1970 by Swan and Ganz,1 PA catheterization has been popularized and the demand for reliable, frequent, or continuous cardiac output (CCO) measurement continues to increase. A number of other methods for measuring cardiac output (CO) have been developed, including those involving Doppler techniques,2 ultrasonic transducers mounted on PA catheters3 and esophageal probes,4 arterial pulse contour analysis techniques,5 and electromagnetic flow measurements of aortic blood flow velocity.
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