Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) is limited by its penetration depth due to the photosensitizer and light source. In this study, we developed X-ray induced photodynamic therapy that applied X-ray as the light source to activate Ce-doped CaCO3 (CaCO3:Ce) to generate an intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) for killing cancer cells. The A549 cell line was used as the in vitro and in vivo model to evaluate the efficacy of X-ray-induced CaCO3:Ce. The cell viability significantly decreased and cell cytotoxicity obviously increased with CaCO3:Ce exposure under X-ray irradiation, which is less harmful than radiotherapy in tumor treatment. CaCO3:Ce produced significant ROS under X-ray irradiation and promoted A549 cancer cell death. CaCO3:Ce can enhance the efficacy of X-ray induced PDT, and tumor growth was inhibited in vivo. The blood analysis and hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) stain fully supported the safety of the treatment. The mechanisms underlying ROS and CO2 generation by CaCO3:Ce activated by X-ray irradiation to induce cell toxicity, thereby inhibiting tumor growth, is discussed. These findings and advances are of great importance in providing a novel therapeutic approach as an alternative tumor treatment.
Highlights
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a common clinical treatment for tumors, uses light of specific wavelengths to activate photosensitizers (PS) to destroy or damage cells by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1,2,3]
The heart, lung, liver, kidney, and spleen were harvested from the mice to determine the toxicity that could arise from the effect of CaCO3 :Ce after X-ray irradiation
Large particles are most likely to be engulfed via micropinocytosis [26]
Summary
Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a common clinical treatment for tumors, uses light of specific wavelengths to activate photosensitizers (PS) to destroy or damage cells by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [1,2,3]. Asas alternative light sources to achieve a deeper penetration depth and andless aredangerous less dangerous and hazardous gamma rays [14]. TheThe degradation of methylene blue blue was evaluated to examine the generation of ROS. (LDH) assay assay and and further assessed by ray-induced PDT by live/dead. 3:Ce could be the most promising photosensitizer in X-ray-induced PDT for clinical the developed. 3 :Ce could be the most promising photosensitizer in X-ray-induced PDT for use
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