Rapid tranquillisation: the science and advice

Abstract

SUMMARY‘Rapid tranquillisation’ refers to the use of medication to calm highly agitated individuals experiencing mental disorder who have not responded to non-pharmacological approaches. Commonly it is the initial stage in the treatment of severe and enduring illness. Using medication in this way requires particularly robust evidence of efficacy and the management of side-effects. This article attempts to integrate current understanding of the neurochemical mechanisms of underlying illness and drug actions with therapeutic interventions. It distinguishes arousal from agitation, and effects on sedation from tranquillisation. It reviews critically the practice of rapid tranquillisation in the light of new evidence, changes in the NICE guidelines andBritish National Formularyrecommendations and a national audit (POMH-UK). Broader aspects of management, known as ‘restrictive practices’ (such as control and restraint and seclusion), psychological support of team members, incident reporting, risk assessment, monitoring and medico-legal aspects are not covered.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Recognise the role of brain transmitter pathways leading to arousal and to agitation•Be aware of mechanisms of action of benzodiazepines, antipsychotics and antihistamines and distinguishing sedation from calming effects•Know the recommendations of NICE guidelines for rapid tranquillisation and the findings of the national POMH-UK audit and be able to contribute to local policiesDECLARATION OF INTERESTNone.