Rapid synergistic cloud point extraction based on hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent combined with hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of selenium in tea samples

Environmental impact of the reported chromatographic methods for the determination of the first FDA-Approved therapy for COVID-19 Patients, Remdesivir: A comparative study

Abstract: The quality of veterinary pharmaceutical products has an impact on pharmacotherapy, animal health, and food safety. Therefore, analytical development and quality control are of utmost importance, providing effective and reliable analytical methods that are also aligned with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Objective: This study aimed to develop and validate an eco-efficient, stability-indicating method to evaluate IVE for veterinary use by HPLC, based on the principles of Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC) and White Analytical Chemistry (WAC). Method: The method was performed in isocratic mode at room temperature. The mobile phase consisted of ethanol:purified water (75:25, v/v); injection volume was 10 μL; flow rate was 0.8 mL min⁻¹; separation was carried out on a Kinetex XB column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) at 245 nm. The ecoefficiency of the method was evaluated by the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Eco- Scale Assessment (ESA), Analytical Greenness Evaluation (AGREE), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), Carbon Footprint Reduction Index (CaFRI), and Click Analytical Chemistry Index (CACI). discussion: Furthermore, it was proven eco-efficient by NEMI (four green quadrants), ESA (90 points), AGREE (0.63 points), GAPI predominantly yellow-green, CaFRI (68 points), BAGI (65 points) and CACI (75 points). Results: The proposed method was shown to be linear in the range of 1 to 10 μg mL⁻¹, and stabilityindicating based on the stress test; it was precise (RSD < 2 %), and accurate (average recovery of 98.99 %). Robustness was proven by the Youden & Steiner test. Furthermore, it was demonstrated to be eco-efficient, as evidenced by NEMI (four green quadrants), ESA (90 points), AGREE (0.63 points), GAPI (predominantly yellow and green), CaFRI (68 points), BAGI (65 points), and CACI (75 points). conclusion: The proposed method is an ecologically sustainable option for the analysis of IVE for veterinary use, being in accordance with green and white analytical chemistry. Discussion: Thus, the results of the proposed validated method, according to the specifications, were considered an eco-efficient alternative for the evaluation of IVE in an injectable solution. Moreover, the HPLC method was considered green, practical, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals, and a valuable contribution to the quality control sector.

Green analytical chemistry (GAC) is developing quickly at the moment, necessitating the establishment of clear, succinct guidance in the form of GAC principles that will aid in greening laboratory operations. Because they fall short of analytical chemistry's requirements, the current green chemistry and green engineering principles need to be revised for application in GAC. This article presents a collection of 12 principles that will be crucial for GAC's future. These principles include some innovative ideas (like using natural reagents) as well as well-known ones (like reducing the use of energy and reagents and eliminating waste, risk, and hazard). The goal of green analytical chemistry is to make analytical processes safer for people and the environment. When evaluating the greenness of an analytical approach, a wide range of factors are taken into account, including the quantity and toxicity of reagents, waste generated, energy consumption, the number of procedural steps, miniaturization, and automation. The eco-scale assessment (ESA), the green analytical procedure index (GAPI), and the national environmental methods index (NEMI) are the three evaluation techniques. Keywords: Green chemistry, National environmental method index, Eco-scale assessment, Green analytical procedure index.

The analytical chemistry community is attempting to incorporate green chemistry concepts in the development of analytical techniques to redefine analytical methods and dramatically modify the philosophy of analytical technique development. Each greenness assessment method has its own benefits and drawbacks, as well as its own procedures. The results of each greenness assessment method produce numerous deductions regarding the selection of a greenest chromatographic method on which the determination of a greenness assessment tool depends. The current study examined the greenness behavior of 26 reported chromatographic methods in the literature for the evaluation of the medicine empagliflozin using three evaluation methods: the national environmental methods index (NEMI), the eco-scale assessment (ESA), and the green analytical procedure index (GAPI). This comparative study discussed the value of using more than one greenness evaluation methods while evaluating. The findings showed that the NEMI was a less informative and misleading tool. However, the ESA provided reliable numerical assessments out of 100. Despite the GAPI being a complex assessment compared to the others, it provided a fully descriptive three-colored pictogram and a precise assessment. The findings recommended applying more than one greenness assessment tool to evaluate the greenness of methods prior to planning laboratory-based analytical methods to ensure an environment friendly process.

The cannabis plant is being increasingly researched due to its numerous therapeutic properties leading to the need for analytical techniques to assess substances present in extracts of the cannabis plant in carrier oils, such as medium chain triglycerides (MCT) oil. Awareness of the environmental impact of activities related to analysis led to the development of greenness assessment metrics. This study aimed to assess the environmental impact of analytical techniques applied in the analysis of cannabinoids in oil using Green Analytical Chemistry metrics. The first phase of the study consisted of a systematic literature review to identify high performance liquid chromatography and ultra high performance liquid chromatographic methods of analysis for cannabinoids in oil. In the second phase, the identified methods were assessed using the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Analytical Eco-scale, Analytical Greenness Calculator (AGREE) and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). Out of 124 identified studies, 8 were considered for the comparative analysis. The identified analytical methods consisted of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using high resolution MS (n = 1), DAD (n = 2), UV (n = 1), UV and MS (n = 2) and MS/MS (n = 2) as detectors. When the analytical methods were assessed using the Analytical Eco-Scale, 7 out of 8 methods achieved a score ranging between 50 and 73, categorising them as acceptable green methods of analysis. One method achieved a total score of 80, categorising the method as an excellent green analysis. The application of Green Analytical Chemistry and respective metrics during the development of analytical methods contributes towards a reduction in the environmental footprint which results from related activities.

Ivermectin (IVE) is an antiparasitic sold in the form of tablets, pastes, and injectable solutions. Neither the literature nor the official compendiums present an environmentally friendly method for analyzing the final IVE product by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) assisted by digital images. This combination strengthens the advantages of cost, handling, time, execution, and process optimization-items that green and clean analytical chemistry values and the National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), Analytical GREEnness Metric (AGREE), and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools measure. The objective of this work is to develop and validate an eco-efficient, fast, economical, and easy-to-perform method for analysis of IVE injectable solution by TLC assisted by digital images. Silica gel plate, microsyringe, and ethyl acetate: ethanol (13:2, v/v) as the mobile phase were used in the method. The pixels were analyzed by Image J software after the spots were photographed under UV light. The method was selective when comparing standard and sample, indicative of stability by forced degradation test, linear (100-900 µg/mL), precise (RSD <2%), accurate, and rugged to modifications in the analytical process. The method was able to quantify commercial products, showing an average content of 98.95%. The greenness of the developed method presented NEMI with four green quadrants, ESA and AGREE with a score of 83 and 0.61, respectively, and GAPI predominantly green and yellow. The method was selective, indicative of stability, linear, precise, accurate, rugged, and green, by NEMI, ESA, AGREE, and GAPI, to quantify IVE in injectable solution. Additionally, it combined the advantages of TLC and digital image analysis. The work shows a TLC method assisted by digital images for analysis of ivermectin-based product.

The principles of green analytical chemistry have led to the development of analytical procedures that are increasingly sustainable. Different metrics have been created for the evaluation of greenness, although determination of the green nature of new analytical methods remains challenging, including for extraction methods that involve the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). In this study, the following five chemical metrics for the evaluation of greenness were considered: National Environmental Methods Index (NEMI), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Analytical Eco-Scale, Analytical GREEnness (AGREE), and White Analytical Chemistry (WAC). These methods were applied in evaluation of the environmental and sustainability characteristics of three different methods for the preparation of plant material samples: microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted acid digestion (MW-AD). These methods employed different NADES as extraction solvents, as well as dilute nitric acid as an oxidizing agent, for the determination of As, Cd, Pb, and V by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The NEMI metric found no differences between the MAE-NADES and UAE-NADES methods. The GAPI metric found differences between the MAE-NADES and UAE-NADES methods and identify the disadvantageous aspects of each step of the methods. The Analytical Eco-Scale and AGREE identified the MAE-NADES method as the greenest, while WAC-12 RGB indicated the UAE-NADES method as the greenest procedure. A detailed discussion is provided of the application of each metric, together with their differences and advantages.

The use of antiparasitics, such as ivermectin (IVE), is extremely important to public health and economy. Quality control and analytical development are necessary to guarantee the efficacy, safety and quality of medicines. The work covered the development and validation of a green and lean method by UV to quantify IVE in injection solution for veterinary. UV methodology using ethanol as a diluent, quartz cuvette and spectrophotometer at 245 nm were used. In order to bring objectivity in relation to the greenness of the proposed method, 5 tools were used: National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Eco-Scale Assessment (ESA), Analytical GREEnness Metric (AGREE), Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI), Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI). The proposed method was linear in the range of 6-16 µg mL-1, precise (RSD &lt; 5%), selective and indicative of stability by forced degradation, exact (100.07%) and robust against small and deliberate modifications. NEMI showed the 4 green quadrants, GAPI showed predominantly green and yellow quadrants, ESA, AGREE and BAGI showed scores of 96, 0.82 and 65, respectively. The method is an excellent and lean green option for evaluating final IVE product. It has an environmentally friendly footprint, which can be advantageously employed by pharmaceutical chemical laboratories worldwide.

Flow Injection Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Determination of Arsenic in Water and Biological Samples from Arsenic-Affected Districts of West Bengal, India, and Bangladesh

Chemical vapor generation by coupling high-pressure liquid flow injection to high-resolution continuum source hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of arsenic

Optimization of vortex-assisted ionic liquid dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction by experimental design prior to hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of selenium species in food, beverage and water samples

The ecological impact of liquid chromatographic methods reported for bioanalysis of COVID-19 drug, hydroxychloroquine: Insights on greenness assessment

Determination of ultra trace arsenic species in water samples by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry after cloud point extraction

A combination of allopurinol and benzbromarone is a common gout treatment protocol. A suboptimal response to allopurinol in patients is very common due to its pharmacokinetics variability. Moreover, the safe doses of benzbromarone is very crucial in patients with hepatic diseases. This raised the inquisitiveness to develop and optimize a capillary zone electrophoresis method for the determination of allopurinol and benzbromarone in their coformulation and in the presence of oxypurinol, the active metabolite of allopurinol, in biological and pharmaceutical matrices. The method greenness profile was assessed using green metric tools the "National Environmental Method Index," the "Analytical Eco-Scale," and the "Green Analytical Procedure Index" by which the method proved to be ecofriendly. The method was successfully applied for the analysis of the pharmaceutical preparation and urine samples spiked with both drugs and the active metabolite. The linearity range was 25.0-250.0 μg/mL for benzbromarone, 50.0-350.0 μg/mL for allopurinol, and 100.0-500.0 μg/mL for oxypurinol. The recoveries were 99.60 ± 0.67, 99.89 ± 0.98, and 98.71 ± 1.18% for benzbromarone, allopurinol, and oxypurinol, respectively. The analysis results indicate potential usefulness of capillary zone electrophoresis as a competitive and greener method of analysis in biological and quality control labs.

A new tool for the evaluation of the analytical procedure: Green Analytical Procedure Index