Abstract
Malaria morbidity and mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa are increasing. The scale-up of long-lasting insecticidal nets and indoor residual spraying have been the major contributors to the decrease of malaria burden. These tools are now threatened by insecticide resistance in malaria vectors, which is spreading dramatically. After two different real-time polymerase chain reaction molecular characterizations carried out on 70 mosquitoes sampled in the locality of Elibou in southern Côte d'Ivoire, results revealed that 9 mosquitoes from Anopheles coluzzi harbored the double East- and West-African knockdown resistance mutations. In the previous year, only 1 mosquito out of 150 sampled from 10 regions of the country had the same genotype. These results show the rapid spread of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors and highlight the urgent need to diversify the methods of vector control in order to avoid the failure of insecticide-based vector control tools which may favor malaria fatalities.
Highlights
Malaria morbidity and mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa are increasing, with the number of World Health Organization (WHO)-estimated cases reaching 219 million, with 435 000 associated deaths, in 20171 comparing to the 216 million scored in 2016 which had already increased for about 5 million cases over 20152
An estimated 663 million cases of malaria have been averted in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2015 as a result of the scale-up of malaria control interventions, of which 68%, 22% and 10% were attributed to long-lasting insecticide-impregnated mosquito bed nets (LLINs), artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and indoor residual spraying (IRS), respectively
WHO25 reported in 2012 that coverage with LLINs and IRS in the WHO African Region was estimated to avert approximately 220,000 deaths among children under 5 years annually
Summary
Malaria morbidity and mortality rates in Sub-Saharan Africa are increasing, with the number of World Health Organization (WHO)-estimated cases reaching 219 million, with 435 000 associated deaths, in 20171 comparing to the 216 million scored in 2016 which had already increased for about 5 million cases over 20152. An estimated 663 million cases of malaria have been averted in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2015 as a result of the scale-up of malaria control interventions, of which 68%, 22% and 10% were attributed to LLINs, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and IRS, respectively Despite these efforts, the number of resistant mosquito populations is increasing dramatically, and the efficacy of pyrethroids (the most commonly used insecticide class) is decreasing[3,4], which translates to an increase in malaria cases[1,2]. The two major causes of resistance to pyrethroids include alterations in the target site (knockdown resistance (kdr)) and increases in the rate of insecticide metabolism by enzymes in various P450 families[5] This kdr occurs due to mutations in the para-gated sodium channel gene. Genotypes were determined after real-time amplification from dual-color scatter plots using Bio-Rad CFX Manager 3.1 software
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
