Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) are the first-line medication for oral erectile dysfunction, which are used according to the prescription of doctors. However, these substances have been found illegally in supplementary foods. The quality and safety of dietary supplements for enhancing male sexual performance have been questioned, raising the need for continual development of analytical methods. Liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry has become one of the most effective methods to identify and measure PDE-5i concentration. In this research, we focused on (i) developing and validating an effective screening and quantitation method for more than 53 PDE-5i in ingredients and supplementary products using LC-Q-Exactive after a simple sample extraction and (ii) assessing PDE-5i content in natural-based supplementary products available in Vietnam market. The extraction method used a small amount of organic solvent, which makes it more environmentally friendly (greener). The developed method has a limit of detection of 0.4 mg/kg, a limit of quantitation of 1.2 mg/kg, recoveries from 80 to 110%, and repeatability lower than 15%. Ninety-two herbal supplementary foods and ingredients used for enhancement of male sexual performance available in Vietnamese markets were collected. Fourteen PDE-5i including conventional and novel analogous were detected and measured in eighteen food supplements and two formulation ingredient samples.
Highlights
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) is an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the corporal smooth muscle [1]. us, Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE-5i) are considered the first-line medication for oral erectile dysfunction (ED) therapies [2]
From 2007, the US FDA announced that a warning of the potential risk of visual and auditory impairment related to nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and sudden sensorineural hearing loss would be added to drug labels of PDE-5i [3]
A 500 μL mixture of 1 μg/mL standard solution of PDE-5i was injected into the Q-exactive mass spectrometer to optimize ionization and detection conditions such as capillary voltage, the temperature of heated electrospray ionization (HESI), the temperature of ion transfer tube, S-lens level, maximum injection time, and automatic gain control
Summary
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) is an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the corporal smooth muscle [1]. us, PDE-5i are considered the first-line medication for oral erectile dysfunction (ED) therapies [2]. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) is an enzyme responsible for the breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the corporal smooth muscle [1]. Us, PDE-5i are considered the first-line medication for oral erectile dysfunction (ED) therapies [2]. After the approval of sildenafil, several PDE-5i have been approved and demonstrated wellestablished efficacy in patients with ED such as tadalafil, vardenafil, avanafil, mirodenafil, undenafil, and lodenafil. PDE-5i proved their great potential in the treatment of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, cognition (Alzheimer’s disease), cancer therapeutics, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, renoprotection, etc. PDE-5i have an interaction effect with other medicines such as nitrates. From 2007, the US FDA announced that a warning of the potential risk of visual and auditory impairment related to nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and sudden sensorineural hearing loss would be added to drug labels of PDE-5i [3].
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