Abstract
An integrated system consisting of a paper-based chip and a smart detection device is proposed for determining the human serum creatinine concentration based on Jaffé reaction theory. In the proposed approach, the reaction zone of the paper-based chip is implanted with picric acid and NaOH reagent and dried at 35 °C for 20 min. Human serum creatinine is dripped onto the reaction zone of the chip. A Jaffé reaction is induced by heating the chip at 37 °C for 5 min and the creatinine concentration is then derived by analyzing the RGB (red, green and blue) intensity of the resulting Janovsky complex using self-written analysis software installed on a smartphone. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated using control samples with creatinine concentrations ranging from 0.2~8 mg/dL. The detection results obtained for 32 real-world creatinine samples are shown to be in excellent agreement with those obtained using a standard macroscale method (R2 = 0.9994). Overall, the results show that the proposed system provides a compact, low-cost and reliable approach for human serum creatinine concentration detection.
Highlights
Creatinine is an end-product of creatine metabolism and is one of the most useful analytes for the assessment of renal function
The creatinine concentration is employed as a correction factor for fluctuations in the urine volume and is useful in accurately determining the micro-albumin/creatinine ratio
The present study proposes an integrated system for rapid human serum creatinine concentration measurement consisting of a paper-based chip and a detection system comprising a heating module, a voltage regulator module, a cooling module, a CMOS camera, a USB connector and a smartphone
Summary
Creatinine is an end-product of creatine metabolism and is one of the most useful analytes for the assessment of renal function. The typical reference ranges for serum creatinine are 0.5 to 1.0 mg/dL for women and 0.7 to 1.2 mg/dL for men [1,2]. Creatinine is continuously excreted by the kidneys at a rate of around 1.6~1.7% per day [3]. Increasing levels of creatinine in serum (or decreasing levels in urine) provide a possible indication of kidney failure. The creatinine concentration is employed as a correction factor for fluctuations in the urine volume and is useful in accurately determining the micro-albumin/creatinine ratio. Sensitive and accurate assays for measuring the creatinine level in blood and urine samples are of significant interest in the clinical diagnostics field
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