Rapid method for detection and detoxification of heavy metal ions in water environments using phytochelation

Abstract

Phytochelatins (PCs, (γGlu-Cys) n-Gly (n = 2–11)) are produced by higher plants, algae, and some fungi in response to heavy metal ion exposure. A rapid and convenient method for quantifying heavy metal ion concentrations in water environments was developed using a chemically synthesized PC as a mediator. The chelating ability of the PC and quantification of the thiol group were utilized to measure heavy metal ions at low concentrations. The method requires only ten minutes for measurement and only 1 ml of a liquid sample. A range of homogeneous PCs (n = 4–7) were chemically synthesized using a peptide synthesizer. These, especially PC 7, exhibited higher sensitivity and consistency of measurement than the native PC from Silene cucubalus, which produced a mixture of PC 2, PC 3, and PC 4. Detoxification of heavy metal ions in vitro by PC was also investigated. Using the paper disc method, the cell growth inhibition zone caused by cadmium ion against Salmonella typhimurium TA1538 was significantly decreased by addition of PC. Furthermore, at the minimum inhibitory concentration of cadmium ion (200 μM) in a nutrient broth culture of S. typhimurium, cell growth was almost completely recovered by addition of PC to the medium.