Abstract
Bladder cancer is the 9th most common cancer worldwide. Diagnosing bladder cancer typically involves highly invasive cystoscopy, with followup monitored using uteroscopy. Molecular methods have been developed as an adjunct to this, but tend to be expensive or require expert operator input. Here we present a study of the use of dielectrophoresis (DEP) of voided cells from eight cancer-presenting patients and eight healthy controls as an alternative low-cost and operator-independent method of bladder cancer detection. This study suggests that there are statistically significant differences (n}{}p=0.034n) between characteristics of the DEP spectrum of clinical samples, and that using this marker we were able to obtain sensitivity of 75% and specificity of 88%, in line with many molecular methods; exclusion of samples where a DEP spectrum is not present (due to low cell counts) increased sensitivity to 100%, showing this can be improved by increasing the cell collection rate. As samples were analyzed a day after collection, we suggest that the method may be amenable to a centralized mail-in analysis service.
Highlights
Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex disease characterized by malignant tumors arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder
The most common risk factors associated with BC are age, with the majority of cases occur in people over 60; and smoking
Jocham et al [4] showed that the sensitivity and specificity of standard white light cystoscopy is highly inconsistent, with the results of 11 studies reporting values ranging from 62-84% and
Summary
Bladder cancer (BC) is a complex disease characterized by malignant tumors arising from the tissues of the urinary bladder. BC is the seventh most common cancer in the UK, the ninth worldwide, and over 70% of BC cases being in males. The most common risk factors associated with BC are age, with the majority of cases occur in people over 60; and smoking. The current gold standard for diagnosing BC is cystoscopy under local anesthesia. This involves inserting a cystoscope through the urethra to observe the bladder, and taking biopsy samples. This highly invasive procedure is associated with many complications, according to the selfadministered questionnaires from patients who had undergone flexible cystoscopy. Jocham et al [4] showed that the sensitivity and specificity of standard white light cystoscopy is highly inconsistent, with the results of 11 studies reporting values ranging from 62-84% (mean: 73%) and
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