Abstract
Saponins are the main active components in Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. (PG), Panax quinquefolius L. (PQ), and Panax japonicus C. A. Mey. (PJ), which belong to the genus Panax in the Araliaceae family. Because the chemical components in the three species are similar, they are often mixed and misused in functional foods and pharmaceuticals applications. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a method to quickly distinguish among PG, PQ, and PJ. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was combined with data postprocessing to identify the main characteristic fragments (CFs) and the related neutral losses (NLs) of protopanaxadiol (PPD), protopanaxatriol (PPT), oleanolic acid (OLE), and ocotillol- (OCO-) type saponins. By comparing the mass spectral data, it was possible to rapidly classify and identify saponins in PG, PQ, and PJ. A total of twenty-three chemical components were identified in the PG samples, twenty-three components were identified in the PQ samples, and twenty-seven components were identified in the PJ samples. Among them, OCO-type saponins were characteristic of PQ and PJ. Ginsenoside Rf, which was absent from PQ, allowed for differentiation between PQ and PJ. The CFs and NLs in the mass spectra of the characteristic components of PG, PQ, and PJ allowed for the rapid classification and identification of these species. Additionally, these results provide technical support for the quality evaluation of Chinese herbal medicine and for constructing a scientific regulatory system.
Highlights
Introduction(PJ) are three important plants of the genus Panax in the Araliaceae family
In order to reduce the production cost or via mistaken identity, Panax quinquefolius L. (PQ) is added to commercial PG products [11], and narrowleaf Panax japonicus and Panax notoginseng of the same or different families and genera are often used as adulterants intentionally or mistakenly as a substitute for genuine PJ [12]
Adulterants compromise the integrity of the Chinese herbal medicine market and affect the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine. erefore, it is urgent to establish methods for the rapid identification of the three genuses of Panax used in traditional Chinese medicines so as to improve the efficacy of quality evaluation and provide scientific regulation
Summary
(PJ) are three important plants of the genus Panax in the Araliaceae family Based on their morphology, these plants can be divided into two groups: the first is an upright rhizome with developed fleshy roots, mainly containing dammarane- (DAM-) type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, such as PG, PQ, Panax notoginseng, and so on . These plants can be divided into two groups: the first is an upright rhizome with developed fleshy roots, mainly containing dammarane- (DAM-) type tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins, such as PG, PQ, Panax notoginseng, and so on . The three traditional Chinese medicinal herbs from the genus Panax have different pharmacological actions, indications, and clinical applications, the properties and chemical composition of these Chinese herbal species are very similar, and adulterated products are often passed off as genuine in the market [7,8,9,10]. Adulterants compromise the integrity of the Chinese herbal medicine market and affect the efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine. erefore, it is urgent to establish methods for the rapid identification of the three genuses of Panax used in traditional Chinese medicines so as to improve the efficacy of quality evaluation and provide scientific regulation
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