Abstract
BackgroundHistorical European exploration and colonization resulted in the introduction of four species of rodents to the Australian continent from Eurasia: the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus, the black rat, R. rattus, the Pacific rat, R. exulans, and the house mouse, Mus musculus. The spread of these rodents created opportunities for their co-introduced sucking lice to parasitize and adapt to endemic rodents in Australia.MethodsWe collected sucking lice from rodent specimens in seven museums across Australia. We identified the spiny rat louse, Polyplax spinulosa, based on morphology. We sequenced the mitochondrial cox1 and rrnL genes of P. spinulosa specimens and constructed a phylogenetic tree with rrnL sequences.ResultsWe examined 989 rodent specimens of 54 species and collected 2111 adult sucking lice and 1064 nymphal sucking lice. We found that P. spinulosa had nearly doubled its host range by parasitizing at least six endemic rodent species in Australia. The other two introduced lice, P. serrata and Hoplopleura pacifica, however, have apparently failed to expand to any endemic rodents in Australia. Our analysis of mitochondrial rrnL gene sequences divided P. spinulosa into two genotypes (European vs Southeast Asian), which differ by 7.5%; both genotypes were introduced into Australia and then expanded their host ranges to include endemic rodents.ConclusionsThe earliest record of a European ship landing in Australia was in 1606, followed by British settlement in 1788. The expansion of P. spinulosa to at least six endemic rodent species in Australia has therefore occurred in the time frame of 200 to 400 years, which is extremely rapid relative to its host expansion to eight native rat species in Eurasia in ~ 16 million years since it diverged from P. serrata. The host expansion of P. spinulosa is remarkable for a blood-sucking louse and is in stark contrast to the absence of host expansion by P. serrata and H. pacifica. Comparison among these three introduced sucking lice indicated that both louse-specific factors and host-specific factors can contribute to the success or failure of host expansion.
Highlights
Historical European exploration and colonization resulted in the introduction of four species of rodents to the Australian continent from Eurasia: the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus, the black rat, R. rattus, the Pacific rat, R. exulans, and the house mouse, Mus musculus
We examined 13 adult sucking lice and three nymphal sucking lice collected from two R. rattus specimens from Sabah (Borneo) and Sunshine Coast (Queensland), respectively (Table 2)
We have shown that P. spinulosa has expanded its host range to at least six endemic rat and mouse species in Australia in the time frame of 200 to 400 years since it was introduced, which is extremely rapid relative to its host expansion to eight native rat species in Eurasia in ~ 16 millions of years since it diverged from P. serrata
Summary
Historical European exploration and colonization resulted in the introduction of four species of rodents to the Australian continent from Eurasia: the brown rat, Rattus norvegicus, the black rat, R. rattus, the Pacific rat, R. exulans, and the house mouse, Mus musculus. The spread of these rodents created opportunities for their co-introduced sucking lice to parasitize and adapt to endemic rodents in Australia. More than 540 species of sucking lice, which are all in the suborder Anoplura, have been described from 840 species of eutherian mammals [7]. A small proportion of sucking louse species parasitize two or more host species [7], e.g. the spiny rat louse, Polyplax spinulosa (Burmeister, 1839) (Polyplacidae), has been recorded from nine species of rats: black rat, Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Asia), brown rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1796) (Eurasia), greater bandicoot rat, Bandicota indica (Bechstein, 1800) (Asia), Asian rat, Rattus tanezumi (Temminck, 1844) (Asia), Himalayan field rat, Rattus nitidus (Hodgson, 1845) (Asia), Turkestan rat, Rattus pyctoris (Hodgson, 1845) (Asia), Polynesian rat, Rattus exulans (Peale, 1848) (Southeast Asia), long-haired rat, Rattus villosissimus (Waite, 1898) (Australia), and rice field rat, Rattus argentiventer (Robinson & Kloss, 1916) (Southeast Asia) [7, 10]
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