Abstract
Uncontrolled bleeding is the main cause of mortality from trauma. Collagen has been developed as an important hemostatic material due to its platelet affinity function. A bath sponge skeleton is rich in collagen, also known as spongin. To understand the hemostatic effect of spongin, spongin materials, SX, SFM and SR were prepared from the bath sponge Spongia officinalis, and hemostatic experiments were performed. The SX, SFM and SR were significantly better than the positive control, type I collagen, in shortening the whole blood clotting time in vitro and hemostasis upon rat tail amputation. In a hemostatic experiment of rabbit common carotid artery injury, the hemostatic time and 3 h survival rate of the SFM group were 3.00 ± 1.53 min and 100%, respectively, which are significantly better than those of the commercial hemostat CELOX-A (10.33 ± 1.37 min and 67%, respectively). Additionally, the SFM showed good coagulation effects in platelet-deficient blood and defibrinated blood, while also showing good biocompatibility. Through a variety of tests, we speculated that the hemostatic activity of the SFM is mainly caused by its hyperabsorbency, high affinity to platelets and high effective concentration. Overall, the SFM and spongin derivates could be potential hemostatic agents for uncontrolled bleeding and hemorrhagic diseases caused by deficiency or dysfunction of coagulation factors.
Highlights
Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the main cause of mortality from heavy bleeding trauma, and the emergency control of bleeding can effectively increase the survival rate [1,2]
The soluble fibrinogen in the plasma is transformed into insoluble fibrin, which is interwoven into a network to strengthen the hemostasis, which is called second stage hemostasis
Due to the efficient recruitment and activation of coagulation factors, such as platelets, vWF, FXII and FIX, collagen has inspired its utilization as a topical hemostatic material [3,19]
Summary
Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the main cause of mortality from heavy bleeding trauma, and the emergency control of bleeding can effectively increase the survival rate [1,2]. In recent decades, marine collagen with a lower threat of infectious diseases while being free of religious concerns (derived from fish, sponge and jellyfish) has attracted much attention in the fields of food, cosmetics and wound healing [8]. Their application in hemostasis is still in its infancy, and only collagen from jellyfish [9] and Nile tilapia skin [10,11] has been confirmed to have hemostatic functions. We expect to develop a new spongin hemostatic agent to control emergency bleeding and improve the survival rate of patients
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