Rapid hematocrit estimation using a fold-crease induced fast flowing paper sensor

Abstract

Increased evaporative losses and flow obstructions can present substantial impediments to current paper analytical devices (µPADs) for efficient on-site testing of biological fluids. Strategic enhancements in wicking rates of paper may thereby counter these limitations and enable on-demand healthcare monitoring. Therefore, herein we have leveraged the features of paper fold-crease regions and developed a novel fast-flowing platform using laser printing to accelerate fluid flow through paper. A series of extensive experiments have been conducted to optimize the design and maximize wicking rates of µPADs for smaller liquid volumes, making it well-suited for analysing biofluids. The investigation delves into structural alterations within the creased regions, employing both static and dynamic force application strategies. A first-generation Washburn type model in excellent agreement with the experimental findings is developed, providing a comprehensive insight into the fundamental physics involved. Finally, the folded channels are utilized for a distance-based hematocrit sensor employing grade-1 filter paper at very low-cost, simplified fabrication, lesser sample volume and faster analysis. The findings of this work unveil a plethora of potentialities for employing paper and paper folds to develop affordable medical devices with advanced analytical functionalities, specifically tailored for the resource-constrained settings.