Abstract
The paper describes a wide-range practical application of the potentiometric multisensor system (MS) (1) for integral safety evaluation of a variety of natural waters at multiple locations, under various climatic conditions and anthropogenic stress and (2) for close to real consistency evaluation of waste water purification processes at urban water treatment plants. In total, 25 natural surface water samples were collected around St. Petersburg (Russia), analyzed as is, and after ultrasonic treatment. Toxicity of the samples was evaluated using bioassay and MS. Relative errors of toxicity assessment with MS in these samples were below 20%. The system was also applied for fast determination of integral water quality using chemical oxygen demand (COD) values in 20 samples of water from river and ponds in Kolkata (India) and performed with an acceptable precision of 20% to 22% in this task. Furthermore, the MS was applied for fast simultaneous evaluation of COD, biochemical oxygen demand, inorganic phosphorous, ammonia, and nitrate nitrogen at two waste water treatment plants (over 320 samples). Reasonable precision (within 25%) of such analysis is acceptable for rapid water safety evaluation and enables fast control of the purification process. MS proved to be a practicable analytical instrument for various real-world tasks related to water safety monitoring.
Highlights
The quality and availability of water resources are among major global concerns nowadays.Intense development of urban agglomerations causes additional risks of returning contaminated waterSensors 2019, 19, 2019; doi:10.3390/s19092019 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensorsSensors 2019, 19, 2019 into the ecosystem and this implies the necessity of continuous water quality monitoring and water treatment prior to its further use
We have demonstrated earlier [17,18,19,20] that a properly designed multisensor system (“electronic tongue”) may be successfully applied for water safety or toxicity determination in terms of biotests
Multisensor systems were successfully applied for the fast analysis of natural and waste waters in urban, rural, and not populated locations over the north-western region of Russia, north-eastern part of India, and at different water treatment plants
Summary
The quality and availability of water resources are among major global concerns nowadays.Intense development of urban agglomerations causes additional risks of returning contaminated waterSensors 2019, 19, 2019; doi:10.3390/s19092019 www.mdpi.com/journal/sensorsSensors 2019, 19, 2019 into the ecosystem and this implies the necessity of continuous water quality monitoring and water treatment prior to its further use. It is important to note that most widely applied methods require the use of chemicals, which sometimes can lead to additional water pollution and the necessity of further purification [7]. One of the prospective water cleaning techniques is based on cavitation ultrasound treatment (UST). UST helps to decrease chemical contamination [9] and allows for water purification from cyanobacteria ( called blue and green algae) [10,11]. This is an extremely attractive feature of UST since blue and green algae may significantly affect the quality of various natural aquatic environments due to toxins’ emissions
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