Rapid evaluation for heterogeneities in monoclonal antibodies by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with a column-switching system

Abstract

The development of therapeutic antibodies has grown over the last several years. Most of the recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produced by mammalian cells are glycoproteins. Glycosylation of the mAbs can be associated with effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity, as well as immunogenicity and clearance. Thus, mAb glycan heterogeneity is a significant characteristic associated with the safety and efficacy of the products. Therefore, glycan heterogeneity should be evaluated during research and development (R&D) and during development of mAbs manufacturing processes to identify the process parameters that affect glycan heterogeneity and to enhance understanding of the manufacturing process. There is an increasing need for a rapid, easy, and automated evaluation method for glycan heterogeneity. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a method that can be used to analyze glycoforms. LC/MS is marked by the ability to measure the oligosaccharide composition of each glycoform, whereas other general methods, such as capillary electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and ion-exchange chromatography, cannot. However, a laborious off-line purification of mAbs is required to evaluate glycan heterogeneities. In this study, we demonstrate the use of a rapid, easy, and automated evaluation system for mAb glycoforms by LC/MS. This LC/MS system uses a column-switching system equipped with 2 columns, a protein A affinity column and a reversed-phase column (desalting column). We devised 2 column-switching systems: one that targeted intact mAbs (system 1) and one that targeted the light and heavy chains of the mAbs (system 2). Our results show that the proposed systems are applicable as a tool to evaluate the glycoforms in several situations, including the research, development, and production processes of mAbs. Additionally, we hope that our systems are useful as process analytical technology (PAT) for molecular heterogeneities containing glycoforms of mAbs in implementation of quality by design (QbD).