Abstract
ABSTRACT Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin produced by fungal species which are widespread in nature and commonly contaminate many cereal grains, such as wheat, maize, corn, barley, and other cereal grains. An immunochromatographic (ICA) test strip was developed for the rapid simultaneous detection of ZEN and its metabolite in corn flour samples. For the ICA test, antigen (ZEN-BSA) and goat anti-mouse IgG were, respectively, drawn on nitrocellulose membrane as control line and test line. Under the optimized condition, the cut-off limits of test strips for ZEN, α-ZAL, and β-ZAL were found to be 0.5 ng/mL in 0.01 M PBS and 50 ng/mL in corn flour samples, meanwhile α-ZOL, β-ZOL, and ZEA were found to be 1 ng/mL in 0.01 M PBS and 75 ng/mL in corn flour samples. Our data indicate that the ICA is sensitive, rapid, cost-effective, and specific on-site screening for ZEN and its metabolite.
Highlights
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced under particular environmental conditions by fungi and contaminate a large variety of grains and feedstuffs worldwide (Anater et al, 2016; Serrano, Font, Maes, & Ferrer, 2016)
Zearalenone (Figure 1, ZEN), a non-steroidal β-resorcyclic acid lactone with the systematic name of 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10-hexalydro-14, 16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-[S-(E)]-1H-2-benzoxacyl-otetradecin-1, 7(8H)-dione, mainly produced by several Fusarium species, such as Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae), Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium cerealis, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium crookwellense, and Fusarium semitectum, which are widespread in nature and commonly contaminate many cereal grains, such as wheat, maize, corn, barley, and other cereal grains (Cetin & Bullerman, 2006)
ZEN, α-ZAL, β-ZAL, α-ZOL, β-ZOL, and ZEA standards were obtained from Sigma
Summary
Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced under particular environmental conditions by fungi and contaminate a large variety of grains and feedstuffs worldwide (Anater et al, 2016; Serrano, Font, Maes, & Ferrer, 2016). Cereal grains can be infected by mycotoxigenic fungi at preharvest or post-harvest. These grains can be consumed by humans leading to contamination of plant origin food (cereal grain) (Glenn, 2007). It is estimated that approximately 25% of the world’s crop production is contaminated with mycotoxins, which can result in the reduction of livestock production, pose a great potential health risk to consumers, and will lead to tremendous economic losses (Chen et al, 2016; Sirot, Fremy, & Leblanc, 2013). Because of the potential health risk, the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) was 0.5 μg/kg body weight per day for ZEN. To reduce the intake ZEN maximum limits (MLs) for ZEN, it has been regulated in many countries and global commissions ranging from 20 to 3000 μg/kg in various food and feed stuffs (BrionesReyes, Gomez-Martinez, & Cueva-Rolon, 2007; Chang et al, 2017; Liu et al, 2012; Meneely et al, 2010)
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