Abstract
The study was aimed to validate paper strip sensors for the detection of pesticide residues in milk, cereal-based food, and fruit juices in comparison with GC–MS/MS under field conditions. The detection limit of pesticide using rapid paper strip sensor for organophosphate, carbamate, organochlorine, fungicide, and herbicide group ranges from 1 to 10, 1–50, 250–500, 1–50, and 1 ppb, respectively in milk and milk product, cereal-based food and fruit juices. Among 125 samples of milk samples collected from the market 33 milk samples comprising 31 raw milk and 2 pasteurized milk found positive for pesticide using the strip-based sensor. In cereal based food and fruit juice samples, 6 cereal flours and 4 fruit juices were found positive for pesticide residues. The pesticide positive samples were further evaluated quantitatively using GC–MS/MS wherein 7 samples comprised of raw milk, pasteurized milk, rice flour, wheat flour, maize flour, apple juice, and pomegranate juice have shown the presence of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan DDD and DDT at trace level as well as at above MRL level. It is envisaged that the developed paper strip sensor can be a potential tool in the rapid and cost-effective screening of a large number of food samples for pesticide residues.
Highlights
The study was aimed to validate paper strip sensors for the detection of pesticide residues in milk, cereal-based food, and fruit juices in comparison with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS)/MS under field conditions
In the developed spore enzyme based sensor working on the principle of Bacillus megaterium spore germination-enzyme inhibition in the presence of pesticide residues followed by the reaction with chromogenic substrate i.e. indoxyl acetate with no color change on paper strip sensor while in the absence of pesticide residues in the sample, there was a release of marker enzyme and hydrolysis of substrate in to blue color compounds with visible color change of paper strip sensor from colorless to blue color
The developed paper strip assay was evacuated with a different group of pesticides including organophosphate, carbamate, organochlorine, and fungicide and herbicide group spiked in a pure system as well as a different food system in the range from 100 ppm to 1 ppb in an organic solvent for the detection of Limit of Detection (LOD) of the developed assay
Summary
The study was aimed to validate paper strip sensors for the detection of pesticide residues in milk, cereal-based food, and fruit juices in comparison with GC–MS/MS under field conditions. We have targeted esterase enzyme in bacterial spores as a target marker enzyme that get inhibited in the presence of pesticide residues These marker enzyme cab hydrolyses specific chromogenic substrate like Indoxyl acetate and releases blue color chromogenic. In the developed spore enzyme based sensor working on the principle of Bacillus megaterium spore germination-enzyme inhibition in the presence of pesticide residues followed by the reaction with chromogenic substrate i.e. indoxyl acetate with no color change on paper strip sensor while in the absence of pesticide residues in the sample, there was a release of marker enzyme and hydrolysis of substrate in to blue color compounds with visible color change of paper strip sensor from colorless to blue color. It is easy to show the result of the presence and absence of pesticides by a change in color
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