Abstract
Gentiana radix is used in traditional Chinese medicine and has functions of clearing heat and drying dampness, as well as purging liver and gallbladder fire. A highly sensitive and effective strategy for rapid screening and identification of target constituents has been developed by using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap) in crude and wine-processed Gentiana radix. Based on the accurate mass measurement (<5 ppm), retention times, and MS fragmentation ions, 52 constituents were unambiguously or tentatively characterized from Gentiana radix, including 21 iridoids, 11 flavonoids, 19 xanthones, and a triterpenoid. This study demonstrated that the established method could be a rapid, effective analytical tool for screening and characterization of compounds in the complex systems of Gentiana radix. By comparing the structure and peak areas of chemical constituents in crude and wine-processed Gentiana radix, we found that some compounds in crude and wine-processed Gentiana radix were significantly different.
Highlights
Gentiana radix is the dried root and rhizome of Gentiana manshurica Kitag., Gentiana radix Bge., Gentiana triflora Pall. and Gentiana rigescens Franch. [1]
UHPLC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-LTQ-Orbitrap was employed for comprehensive analysis in positive and negative modes to identify the chemical constituents in Gentiana radix
An effective and sensitive analytical method by UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MSn was established for systematically characterizing constituents in crude and wine-processed Gentiana radix
Summary
Gentiana radix is the dried root and rhizome of Gentiana manshurica Kitag., Gentiana radix Bge., Gentiana triflora Pall. and Gentiana rigescens Franch. [1]. Gentiana radix is commonly employed to treat various diseases. Gentiana radix could be used for treating heat jaundice, pruritus and swells of vulvaered, morbid leucorrhea, eczema, tinnitus, epicophosis, hypochondriac pain, invigorating stomach and convulsions. Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Gentiana radix possesses various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and antiviral [3,4]. Gentiana radix has complicated chemical constituents, including iridoid glycoside, flavonoid glycoside, xanthones, triterpenoids, alkaloids, and so on. Iridoid glycoside, flavonoid glycoside and xanthones are considered the main constituents [5]. There are many processing methods involving Gentiana radix recorded in history, such as wine-processing, bile-processing, honey-processing and ginger-processing [6,7,8]. Crude and wine-processed Gentiana radix is widely used in clinical practice. Wine-processing could make the function of the drug move upward, and wine-processing alleviated the bitterness and coldness of crude
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