Abstract
A fast and direct combination of techniques for simultaneous mycotoxin and phytoalexin identification in peanut skin and kernel is described. Silica Plate Imprinting Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Imaging (SPILDI-MSI) is a powerful technique that exhibits great advantages, such as solvent-free and matrix-free characteristics, as well as no sample preparation or separation steps. It also permits accurate identification of mycotoxins and phytoalexins with unique fingerprint profiles in just a few seconds. Results are expressed as chemical images of the 4 identified types of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1 and G2) and a stilbenoid (resveratrol). Also, SPILDI-MSI allows the comparison between the spatial distribution of aflatoxins and resveratrol found in kernel and skin. This novel application has proven to be useful for instantaneous qualitative assessment of aflatoxins and stilbenoids both in the peanut skin and kernel and offers precise tracking of fungal contamination in nuts and other foodstuffs.
Highlights
Mycotoxins have been more closely monitored in the past decades due to their harsh effects observed in humans and animals; potent toxic effects in humans and animals have been related to these molecules, such as cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunosuppressive, and estrogenic effects [1,2,3,4]
As the experiments were conducted with the skin and the kernel of peanuts, the spatial distribution of the different aflatoxins are compared in both regions as chemical images in
To the extent of this work, structural elucidation of the targeted molecules was supported by softwarepredicted molecular fragmentation
Summary
Mycotoxins have been more closely monitored in the past decades due to their harsh effects observed in humans and animals; potent toxic effects in humans and animals have been related to these molecules, such as cytotoxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunosuppressive, and estrogenic effects [1,2,3,4]. As to their occurrence, aflatoxins and ochratoxins are produced mainly by Aspergillus sp., fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone by Fusarium sp., patulin by Penicillium sp., and ergot alkaloids, produced in the sclerotia of Claviceps sp. In peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), Aspergillus sp. correspond to the main class of fungi that are associated to aflatoxin contamination, producing the types B1, B2, G1 and G2 [8]
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