Abstract
Sildenafil (SD) and its related compounds are the most common adulterants found in herbal preparations used as sexual enhancer or man’s virility products. However, the abuse of SD threatens human health such as through headache, back pain, rhinitis, etc. Therefore, it is important to accurately detect the presence of SD in alcoholic beverages. In this study, the Opto Trace Raman 202 (OTR 202) was used as a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active colloids to detect SD. The results demonstrated that the limit of detection (LOD) of SD was found to be as low as 0.1 mg/L. Moreover, 1235, 1401, 1530, and 1584 cm−1 could be qualitatively determined as SD characteristic peaks. In a practical application, SD in cocktail could be easily detected using SERS based on OTR 202. Also, there was a good linear correlation between the intensity of Raman peaks at 1235, 1401, 1530, and 1584 cm−1 and the logarithm of SD concentration in cocktail was in the range of 0.1–10 mg/L (0.9822 < R2 < 0.9860). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 12.7% and the recovery ranged from 93.0%–105.8%. Moreover, the original 500–1700 cm−1 SERS spectra were pretreated and the partial least squares (PLS) was applied to establish the prediction model between SERS spectra and SD content in cocktail and the highest determination coefficient (Rp2) reached 0.9856. In summary, the SD in cocktail could be rapidly and quantitatively determined by SERS, which was beneficial to provide a rapid and accurate scheme for the detection of SD in alcoholic beverages.
Highlights
Sildenafil (SD) and its related compounds are the most common adulterants found in herbal preparation, which can be used as sexual enhancer or man’s virility products [1]
We reported the rapid and quantitative determination of SD in cocktail based on SERS with Opto Trace Raman 202 (OTR 202)
We found that there was a good linear correlation between
Summary
Sildenafil (SD) and its related compounds are the most common adulterants found in herbal preparation, which can be used as sexual enhancer or man’s virility products [1]. Its pharmacological effect is to inhibit the metabolism of the second messenger cyclic guanosinc monophosphate (cGMP), promote the relaxation of cavernous artery smooth muscle, and improve the symptoms of erectile dysfunction (ED) [2,3]. The usage of SD is controlled through medical supervision due to their harmful side-effects such as headache, dyspepsia, back pain, rhinitis, flu syndrome, etc. Molecules 2019, 24, 1790 and alcoholic drinks in pursuit of high profits. Traditional methods for determining SD in alcoholic beverages include ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV) [5,6], high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [7], gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) [8,9,10], thin-layer chromatography (TLC) [11,12], and near Infrared Spectrometry (NIR) [13,14]. Xin et al [15] applied
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