Abstract
Amygdala kindling is a model of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with convulsion. The rapid amygdala kindling has an advantage on quick development of motor seizures and for antiepileptic drugs screening. The rapid amygdala kindling causes epileptogenesis accompanied by an anxiolytic response in early isolation of rat pups or depressive behavior in immature rats. However, the effect of rapid amygdala kindling on comorbidity of anxiety- and depression-like behaviors is unexplored in adult rats with normal breeding. In the present study, 40 amygdala stimulations given within 2 days were applied in adult Wistar rats. Afterdischarge (AD) and seizure stage were recorded throughout the amygdala kindling. Anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated by the elevated plus maze (EPM) test and open field (OF) test, whereas depression-like behaviors were assessed by the forced swim (FS) and sucrose consumption (SC) tests. A tonic-clonic convulsion was provoked in the kindle group. Rapid amygdala kindling resulted in a significantly lower frequency entering an open area of either open arms of the EPM or the central zone of an OF, lower sucrose intake, and longer immobility of the FS test in the kindle group. Our results suggest that rapid amygdala kindling elicited severe motor seizures comorbid with anxiety- and depression-like behaviors.
Highlights
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most drug-resistant type of adult focal epilepsy
ADs were unable to be elicited from three rats through amygdala kindling, which was due to electrode placement outside the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala
The kindle group showed anxiety-like behavior in terms of low frequency entering open area of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test and low frequency crossing central zone (CZ) of the open field (OF) test
Summary
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most drug-resistant type of adult focal epilepsy. Phenomena of psychiatric comorbidity in the rapid kindling model seem to differ from those of conventional kindling model in adult rats (Adamec and Morgan, 1994; Helfer et al, 1996; Wintink et al, 2003; Adamec et al, 2004; Hannesson et al, 2008) or patients with TLE (Kanner, 2007; Desai et al, 2010) These controversial results may arise from using a specific group (immature or early separated stress) in the rapid kindling model. We hypothesized that rapid amygdala kindling caused epileptiform activity accompanied by anxietyand depression-like behaviors as similar to most TLE patients with psychiatric comorbidity. The results may advance our understanding in progression of epileptiform activity and emotional disturbance through rapid amygdala kindling
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