Abstract
The textbook mechanism for the addition of a thiol to an olefin is the Michael-type addition, which involves a nucleophilic attack of a thiolate anion on an alkene to form a carbanion intermediate. Previous computational models of these reactions have proposed alternative mechanisms, as no minimum corresponding to the carbanion intermediate was present on the potential energy surface. We show that many popular pure and hybrid DFT functionals, such as PBE and B3LYP, erroneously predict that the carbanion is not an intermediate, favoring a noncovalent charge-transfer complex stabilized spuriously by delocalization error. Range-separated DFT functionals correct this problem and predict stable carbanion structures and energies. In particular, calculations using the ωB97X-D functional are in close agreement with CCSD(T) data for the structures and energies of a series of thio-carbanions. Range-separated functionals will make it possible to model the reaction mechanisms of Michael-type additions that occur in biochemistry, such as the covalent modification of a cysteine side chain by drugs containing an electrophilic double bond.
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