Abstract
One of the decisive reasons for the slow market penetration of electric vehicles is their short driving range, especially in cold temperatures. The goal of this paper was to increase the driving range in cold temperatures. Electric vehicles recover kinetic energy by recuperation and storage in the battery. However, if the battery is fully charged or cold, the option of recuperation is severely limited. Braking energy is dissipated into the environment via the mechanical brake, and the range thus decreases. Electrothermal recuperation (ETR) enables the braking power to be used in heater systems and thus saves energy in the overall system. In this paper, ETR was investigated with a highly responsive serial layer heater. An overall model consisting of the electric powertrain, the heating circuit, and the vehicle interior was developed and validated. The limitations of recuperation capability were determined from driving tests. The factors state of charge and battery temperature were varied in the conducted simulations in order to quantify the range increase through ETR. The results showed that the range could be increased via electrothermal recuperation by up to 8% at −10 °C in a real driving cycle, using a serial heater. A control strategy of the heating circuit enabled the coolant circuit to function as buffer storage. The interior temperature—and consequently user comfort—remained unchanged.
Highlights
The short range of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) remains a reason for their lack of wide acceptance among car buyers
The factors state of charge and battery temperature were varied in the conducted simulations in order to quantify the range increase through Electrothermal recuperation (ETR)
In order to increase the accuracy of the ETR, this study classifies the temperature into ambient temperature, battery temperature, coolant temperature, and cabin temperature
Summary
The short range of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) remains a reason for their lack of wide acceptance among car buyers. In addition to their high price, this has led to a low sales rates for electric vehicles [1,2]. The main reason is the energy-intensive heating of the interior and the battery, because far less waste heat is available compared to an internal combustion engine vehicle due to the high efficiency of the electric motor and the power electronics. Due to the high power of up to 10 kW [6] for electric heating, the range of an electric vehicle is significantly influenced.
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