Abstract
AbstractIps amitinus arrived in Northern Europe at the beginning of 1900s, although its recent expansions to the northernmost conifers have been rapid. Analyses of recent records, MaxEnt models and regional population size estimates are used to discuss its peculiar range shifts and potential as a forest pest in Northern Europe. Ips amitinus was probably absent in northern glacial refugia for Norway spruce in the Russian plain and northward expansions from its glacial refugia in the Central European mountains may have been slowed down by: (i) ecological barriers of post‐glacial dry plains and bogs in Central Europe; (ii) heavy utilization of conifers; and (iii) Allee effects as a result of fragmented forests and an unfavourable climate for a cold‐adapted species in the continental lowlands. MaxEnt models predict that I. amitinus may become widespread in the Northern European forests, whereas its populations in the southernmost mountain ranges of Europe may decline in the future. The population levels of I. amitinus in recently invaded northern areas are still lower than those in core areas of Central Europe, although the population development in Central Europe indicates that future bark beetle outbreak periods may boost the I. amitinus populations in Northern Europe as well.
Highlights
The range shifts of several forest insect pests in recent decades call for explanations, and raise concerns about the potential consequences of such range changes (Musolin & Saulich, 2012; Jepsen et al, 2013; Burke & Carroll, 2016)
The analyses performed in the present study demonstrate that the distribution and range shift of I. amitinus differ from those of other Ips species in Europe
I. amitinus can utilize both dominant conifers in Northern Europe, Norway spruce and Scots pine, whereas I. typographus is mainly associated with Norway spruce and rarely attacks Scots pine
Summary
The range shifts of several forest insect pests in recent decades call for explanations, and raise concerns about the potential consequences of such range changes (Musolin & Saulich, 2012; Jepsen et al, 2013; Burke & Carroll, 2016). The concern is especially justified for pest species with significant impacts on ecosystems and communities, such as epidemic bark beetles that can affect large areas of boreal and temperate forests (Raffa et al, 2008, Økland et al, 2011). Climate is involved in the expansions of the mountain pine beetle in North America (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) (Raffa et al, 2015) but, for this species, the traits and responses of naïve host pine species during its eastward expansions have been a major topic of investigation (Erbilgin et al, 2014; Burke & Carroll, 2016)
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