Randomness or order in the occurrence and preservation of shallow-marine carbonate facies? Holocene, South Florida

Abstract

This paper re-examines unsolved problems concerning the relationships between skeletal benthic communities, the skeletal carbonate sediments they produce and how these are preserved in the subsurface. Recent work based on shelf-wide datasets of modern shallow-marine carbonate sediments of South Florida suggest that the boundaries between facies occur randomly and that facies occurrence bears little relation to water depth. This is at variance with earlier work from the region that indicated facies occurrence related to different environments and which helped establish the basis for palaeoenvironmental analysis of ancient limestones. A windward-facing depositional margin of a carbonate mound in the back-reef area of the Florida Keys is used as a small-scale, case study to examine whether surface peritidal facies occur in an ordered or random fashion and whether they are depth related. Lateral facies transition analysis along transects from the shoreline to the shallow subtidal indicates that peritidal facies occur in a very well-ordered (i.e. non-random) arrangement of zones and patches. Surface facies are generally well-preserved and recognisable in the shallow subsurface and in cores through the Holocene carbonates and shoreline mangrove peats. Analysis of upward facies transitions in cores also indicates common facies trends reflecting the evolution of the sediment mound in response to rising Holocene sea level. However, even though the modern facies occur in an ordered and depth-related pattern, subsurface facies do not show a simple relation to the known sea-level curve in the area. Rather, they relate to a complex of different rates of sea-level rise, sea-floor topography, carbonate production rates, wave/storm energy input, and bioturbation.