Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in cancer patients, and microwave ablation (MWA) has been extensively used in clinical treatment. In this study, we characterized the spectra of MWA-treated and untreated lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) tissues, as well as healthy lung tissue, and conducted a preliminary analysis of spectral variations associated with MWA treatment. The results of characteristic spectral analysis of different types of tissues indicated that MWA treatment induces an increase in the content of nucleic acids, proteins, and lipid components in lung cancer tissues. The discriminant model based on the principal component analysis - linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) algorithm together with leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) method yield the sensitivities of 90%, 80%, and 96%, and specificities of 86.2%, 93.8%, and 100% among untreated and MWA-treated cancerous tissue, and healthy lung tissue, respectively. These results indicate that Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis techniques can be used to explore the biochemical response mechanism of cancerous tissue to MWA therapy.
Highlights
Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer death [1]
The main characteristic peaks observed in both the Pre-Microwave ablation (MWA) group and Post-MWA groups at the following locations [38,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47]: 669 cm−1 (T, G of nucleic acids); 750 cm−1; 1002 cm−1 (C-C symmetric ring breathing of phenylalanine); 1123 cm−1 (C-N stretching of proteins); 1248 cm−1 (β-sheet conformation of collagen and proline); 1316 cm−1 (CH2CH3 bending of collagen); 1448 cm−1 (CH2CH3 bending of collagen, CH2 bending of phospholipids); 1552 cm−1 (C = C stretching of tryptophan); 1608 cm−1 (C = C stretching of phenylalanine); 2878 cm−1 (CH2 asymmetric stretch of lipids and proteins); and 2927 cm−1 (CH2 anti-symmetric stretching of lipids)
The characteristic peaks in healthy lung tissues were observed at the following locations: 860 cm−1 (C = O stretching of phosphatidic acid) [32]; 933 cm−1 (C-C stretching skeletal of collagen backbone, hydroxyproline, proline) [42]; 1002 cm−1, 1248 cm−1, and 1454 cm−1 [48]; 1552 cm−1, and 1665 cm−1 [42]; and 2878 cm−1 and 2940 cm−1 (C-H vibrations in lipids and proteins) [49]
Summary
Lung cancer is the most common type of cancer and the leading cause of cancer death [1]. Kinetic energy from the water molecules is transferred neighboring tumor molecules, resulting in a rapid increase in the tissue temperature to above 60°C, inducing irreversible coagulation necrosis of the tissue in the central ablation zone [7,10] This ablation technique has significant advantages of flexible application in different treatment strategies, good tolerance,. The biochemical responses of cancerous tissue to MWA treatment can be further elucidated by studying the molecular changes induced by the thermal effects by comparison of tissues pre- and post-therapy. The results revealed a novel and objective method for the evaluation of the multiple biochemical variabilities in the responses of lung cancer tissue during MWA treatment This method may represent the basis of new Raman-based analytical techniques for improved clinical efficacy
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