Abstract
Nowadays, there is an interest in biomedical and nanobiotechnological studies, such as studies on carotenoids as antioxidants and studies on molecular markers for cardiovascular, endocrine, and oncological diseases. Moreover, interest in industrial production of microalgal biomass for biofuels and bioproducts has stimulated studies on microalgal physiology and mechanisms of synthesis and accumulation of valuable biomolecules in algal cells. Biomolecules such as neutral lipids and carotenoids are being actively explored by the biotechnology community. Raman spectroscopy (RS) has become an important tool for researchers to understand biological processes at the cellular level in medicine and biotechnology. This review provides a brief analysis of existing studies on the application of RS for investigation of biological, medical, analytical, photosynthetic, and algal research, particularly to understand how the technique can be used for lipids, carotenoids, and cellular research. First, the review article shows the main applications of the modified Raman spectroscopy in medicine and biotechnology. Research works in the field of medicine and biotechnology are analysed in terms of showing the common connections of some studies as caretenoids and lipids. Second, this article summarises some of the recent advances in Raman microspectroscopy applications in areas related to microalgal detection. Strategies based on Raman spectroscopy provide potential for biochemical-composition analysis and imaging of living microalgal cells, in situ and in vivo. Finally, current approaches used in the papers presented show the advantages, perspectives, and other essential specifics of the method applied to plants and other species/objects.
Highlights
1.1.IntroductionInrecent recentdecades, decades,RamanRamanspectroscopy spectroscopy (RS)been used in several studies on aniIn hashas been used in several studies on animal mal cells [1,2,3].The method is popular among biophysicists and life science researchers.cells [1,2,3]
The study was a confirmation of the concept; this proves that Raman spectroscopy (RS) and artificial neural network classification were able to differentiate patients with sensitivity and specificity of more than 90%, which shows that a combination test can become a blood test that can support clinical evaluation for effective and accurate differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [62]
The trimodal optical imaging system is a combination of Raman scattering, diffuse reflectance, and intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, in which various cancer organs were detected during surgery with 93%, 100%, and 97% accuracy [65]
Summary
Been used in several studies on aniIn hashas been used in several studies on animal mal cells [1,2,3]. Raman scattering is divided intoitStokes and with th of the binding maxima to the longer wavelengths The Stokes shift is more likely because it is associated with the shift of tered to photon are correspondingly than of theof absorbed photon—see the binding maxima the longer wavelengths The the shift binding to theisshorter wavelengths and frequency of the scattered anti-Stokes shift, on themaxima other hand, less likely. It results(energy from the shift of the binding correspondingly than those of the absorbed photon—see. In order to increase the sensitivity and resolution capability of the method, sc use the approach based on the surface plasmon resonance effect. Fect has been used to modify the method of RS to apply it in biological and med search. and Its Modifications: Advantages and Use
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