Raman spectroscopy, a potential tool in diagnosis and prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Lei Wang,Xinyang Wang,Guanjun Zhang,Jertong Hsieh,Jun Wang,Qiang Dang,Zhenfeng Guan,Jin Zeng,Dalin He,Peilong Cao,Jinhai Fan,Liqing Huang

doi:10.1117/1.jbo.18.8.087001

Abstract

We evaluated the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy (RS) in diagnosis and prognosis of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in patients with prostate cancer (PC). Raman spectra are detected from PC cell lines (LNCaP and C4-2) and tissues using a Labram HR 800 RS. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) and support vector machine (SVM) are applied for prediction. A leave-one-out cross-validation is used to train and test the SVM. There are 50 qualified patients, including 33 with androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) and 17 with CRPC. The spectral changes at 1126, 1170, 1315 to 1338, and 1447 cm-1 between CRPC and ADPC are detected in both cells and tissues models, which are assigned to specific amino acids and DNA. PCA/SVM algorithm provided a sensitivity of 88.2% and a specificity of 87.9% for diagnosing CRPC tissues. Furthermore, 14 patients with ADPC progressed to CRPC within 12 months. These patients are separated into two groups depending on whether their cancers progressed to CRPC within 12 months. PCA/SVM could differentiate these two groups with a sensitivity of 85.7% and a specificity of 88.9%. RS has the potential in diagnosis and prognosis of CRPC in clinical practice.

Highlights

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men.[1,2] Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the mainstay of management of advanced PC
After the removal of obviously heterogeneous spectra, 826 spectra from 50 enrolled patients were analyzed, including 17 patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and 33 patients with androgendependent prostate cancer (ADPC) (Table 1). Among these 17 patients of CRPC, specimens biopsied prior to ADT were available from nine patients (Table 2), and spectra were compared both before and after developing CRPC
The multistep carcinogenesis of prostate epithelia initially manifest as an androgen-dependent organ-confined cancer progress to metastatic, castration resistant phenotype

Summary

Introduction

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men.[1,2] Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the mainstay of management of advanced PC. There is still a lack of reliable methods for early identification and prediction of CRPC from clinical specimens. Serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) has been considered the main indicator to assess the treatment response of ADT, it must be stressed that PSA level is not a reliable marker for CRPC and could not stand alone as a follow-up test.[2,8,9,10] Patients with Gleason score 8 to 10 took a significantly shorter time to CRPC,[11,12,13] but the significant predictive value of high Gleason grade remains controversial. It is very desirable to predict the prognosis of patients with primary PC using new technologies on clinical practice. Accurate evaluation of PC status could lead to adequate treatment plan for individual patient to increase the chance of cure

Methods

Results

Conclusion