Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the major cancers of women in the world. Despite significant progress in its treatment, an early diagnosis can effectively reduce its incidence rate and mortality. To improve the reliability of Raman-based tumor detection and analysis methods, we conducted an ex vivo study to unveil the compositional features of healthy control (HC), solid papillary carcinoma (SPC), mucinous carcinoma (MC), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tissue samples. Following the identification of biological variations occurring as a result of cancer invasion, principal component analysis followed by linear discriminate analysis (PCA-LDA) algorithm were adopted to distinguish spectral variations among different breast tissue groups. The achieved results confirmed that after training, the constructed classification model combined with the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method was able to distinguish the different breast tissue types with 100% overall accuracy. The present study demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis technology has considerable potential for improving the efficiency and performance of breast cancer diagnosis.
Highlights
Among women cancer patients within the age range of 33–55 years, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death [1,2]
Significant morphological differences were observed between healthy control (HC), solid papillary carcinoma (SPC), mucinous carcinoma (MC), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) tissue samples, (Figure 1)
When introducing high signal-to-noise Raman spectroscopy as a diagnostic tool, issues associated with interference of background fluorescence, artifacts, and weak signals should be overcome
Summary
Among women cancer patients within the age range of 33–55 years, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death [1,2]. Statistics show that if breast cancer is treated at an early stage, about. 90% of patients can be cured [4]. The gold standard for breast cancer diagnosis usually includes fine-needle aspiration cytology, core needle biopsy, and surgical resection with subsequent histopathological analysis of the resected breast tissue. Advances in screening technology can allow early diagnosis of breast cancer in many cases, the significant number of diagnoses that eventually lead to death (~20% at 15 years) is the primary impetus for improving surgical interventions [5,6]. Breast conserving surgery (BCS) is a common method in the treatment of breast cancer
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