Abstract
In the last decade, Raman Spectroscopy (RS) was demonstrated to be a label-free, non-invasive and non-destructive optical spectroscopy allowing the improvement in diagnostic accuracy in cancer and analytical assessment for cell sensing. This review discusses how Raman spectra can lead to a deeper molecular understanding of the biochemical changes in cancer cells in comparison to non-cancer cells, analyzing two key examples, leukemia and breast cancer. The reported Raman results provide information on cancer progression and allow the identification, classification, and follow-up after chemotherapy treatments of the cancer cells from the liquid biopsy. The key obstacles for RS applications in cancer cell diagnosis, including quality, objectivity, number of cells and velocity of the analysis, are considered. The use of multivariant analysis, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminate analysis (LDA), for an automatic and objective assessment without any specialized knowledge of spectroscopy is presented. Raman imaging for cancer cell mapping is shown and its advantages for routine clinical pathology practice and live cell imaging, compared to single-point spectral analysis, are debated. Additionally, the combination of RS with microfluidic devices and high-throughput screening for improving the velocity and the number of cells analyzed are also discussed. Finally, the combination of the Raman microscopy (RM) with other imaging modalities, for complete visualization and characterization of the cells, is described.
Highlights
We show the Raman spectroscopy (RS)-based imaging technique, and provide biochemical identification and mapping of normal and cancer cells
We introduce the importance of an automated and objective assessment of cancer cell diagnosis, showing the use of multivariate analyses, such as principal component analysis (PCA)/linear discriminate analysis (LDA), for Raman data managing
We analyzed two examples of leukemia and breast cancer cells using RS and Raman microscopy (RM) that shown the possibility of label-free, non-invasive identification of cancer cells and classification
Summary
The resulting energy difference between the incident photon and the Raman scattered photon, defined as the Raman shift (or) wavenumbers expressed as cm−1 , corresponds to the energy of specific molecular vibrations within the sample of interest [1]. In this manner, Raman spectroscopy (RS) provides a detailed chemical composition of the sample—a chemical fingerprint in essence. We show the RS-based imaging technique, and provide biochemical identification and mapping of normal and cancer cells. Correlative imaging methods combining RM with other microscopies, such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), holography, fluorescence microscopy and mass-spectroscopy-based imaging, for a full understanding of the morphology and cell biochemistry, are described
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