Rainfall is the major driver of plant Si availability in perudic gibbsitic Andosols

Abstract

The amount of water available to leach solutes from soil is one of the major features determining mineral weathering, mineral neoformation and soil properties. It affects the fate of dissolved silicon (Si), which may follow four routes: leaching, mineral synthesis, adsorption, uptake by plants forming phytoliths. Here, we quantify the reservoirs of bioavailable Si and phytolithic Si in topsoils (0–20 cm) from wet tropical Andosols along a climosequence where mean annual rainfall (MAR) increases from 2650 to 4400 mm with increasing altitude (65–375 m asl) in Basse-Terre, Guadeloupe. We assessed bioavailable Si through CaCl2 extraction in soil, and foliar analysis in banana plants. We evaluated the pool of phytolithic Si through Na2CO3 extraction and heavy liquid separation. The Na2CO3 extraction was performed on both the bulk soil and oxalate–treated soil (ox-Na2CO3) cleared of its amorphous aluminosilicates. The Andosols have reached an advanced weathering stage. Their secondary products included (Al, Fe)–humus complexes, ferrihydrite, gibbsite, poorly crystalline Al hydroxide, and aluminous allophanic substances. The contents of organic C, metal-humus, ferrihydrite and gibbsite increased in soils in the wettest conditions (>3000 mm) whereas allophane content concomitantly decreased. Silicon leaf content varied little (3.8–5.3 g kg−1), but slightly decreased with increasing MAR (r = −0.48). Bioavailable Si content in soil decreased from 63 to 12 mg kg−1 with increasing MAR (r = −0.92), and was strongly correlated (r = +0.95) to that of phytolithic Si as assessed after ox-Na2CO3 extraction, linked to fresh, labile phytoliths. The Si/Al atomic ratio of the ox-Na2CO3 extract regularly decreased from 1.06 to 0.37 with increasing MAR, hence corroborating strongest desilication in soils in the wettest conditions. In these highly leached, gibbsitic Andosols, rainfall is thus the major driver of plant Si availability.